Geographical picture of the world A manual for universities Book. I: General characteristics of the world

1. Deepest well
   The world record for drilling the world's longest well belongs to the Russian Sakhalin-1 project. In April 2015, consortium members (Russian Rosneft, American ExxonMobil, Japanese Sodeco and Indian ONGC) drilled an inclined well 13,500 m deep along a horizontal offset 12,033 m long in the Chayvo field. The record for deepwater drilling belongs to the Indian ONGC: in January 2013, the company drilled an exploration well at a depth of 3,165 m off the east coast of India.

   The well drilled by Orlan is 2 kilometers deeper than the Mariana Trench. Photo: Rosneft

2. The largest drilling platform
   In this nomination, the Sakhalin-1 project again becomes the record holder: in June 2014, the Berkut platform was put into operation at the Arkutun-Dagi field. The height of a 50-story building (144 m) and weighing more than 200 thousand tons, it is capable of withstanding the onslaught of 20-meter waves, earthquakes up to 9 points on the Richter scale and temperatures of up to -45 degrees Celsius with wind gusts of up to 120 km per hour. The construction of Berkut cost the consortium $12 billion.
   
   
   Berkut, the world's largest drilling platform worth $12 billion. Photo: ExxonMobil
3. The highest drilling platform
The most notable "growth" among drilling platforms is the deepwater oil field platform Petronius (operated by Chevron and Marathon Oil Corporation). Its height is 609.9 m, of which only 75 m is on the surface part. The total weight of the structure is 43 thousand tons. The platform is operating 210 km off the coast of New Orleans at the Petronius field in the Gulf of Mexico.


The Petronius drilling rig is almost twice as tall as the Federation tower - 609 versus 343 meters. Photo: primofish.com
4. The deepest drilling platform
   When Shell leased the Perdido block in the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies could develop fields at depths of no more than 1,000 m. Then it seemed that the development of technology had reached its limit. Today the Perdido platform stands at a depth of 2,450 m and is the deepest drilling and production platform in the world. Perdido is a true engineering marvel of its time. The fact is that at such extreme depths it is impossible to install the platform on supports. Plus, engineers had to take into account the difficult weather conditions of these latitudes: hurricanes, storms and strong currents. To solve the problem, a unique engineering solution was found: the upper structures of the platform were secured to a floating support, after which the entire structure was anchored with steel mooring cables on the ocean floor.
   
   
   Perdido, not only one of the most beautiful, but also the deepest rig. Photo: Texas Charter Fleet
5. 
   The largest oil tanker, and at the same time the largest sea vessel, built in the 20th century, was the Seawise Giant. The supertanker, almost 69 m wide, was 458.5 m long - 85 m more than the height of the Federation Tower, the tallest building in Europe today. Seawise Giant reached speeds of up to 13 knots (about 21 km per hour) and had a cargo capacity of almost 650,000 m3 of oil (4.1 million barrels). The super-tanker was launched in 1981 and over its almost 30-year history has changed several owners and names, and even crashed when it came under fire from the Iraqi Air Force during the First Gulf War. In 2010, the ship was forced ashore near the Indian city of Alang, where its hull was disposed of within a year. But one of the giant’s 36-ton main anchors was preserved for history: it is now on display at the Maritime Museum in Hong Kong.
   
   
   
6. 
   The longest oil pipeline in the world is “Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean” with a capacity of about 80 million tons of oil per year. Its length from Taishet to Kozmino Bay in Nakhodka Bay is 4857 km, and taking into account the branch from Skovorodino to Daqing (PRC) - another 1023 km (i.e. 5880 km in total). The project was launched at the end of 2012. Its cost was 624 billion rubles. Among gas pipelines, the record for length belongs to the Chinese West-East project. The total length of the gas pipeline is 8704 km (including one main line and 8 regional branches). The pipeline capacity is 30 billion cubic meters of gas per year, the cost of the project was about $22 billion.
   
   
   The ESPO oil pipeline extending beyond the horizon. Photo: Transneft
7. 
   The record holder among deep-sea pipelines is the Russian Nord Stream, running from the Russian Vyborg to the German Lubmin along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. This is both the deepest (the maximum depth of the pipe is 210 m) and the longest route (1,124 km) among all undersea pipelines in the world. The pipeline's throughput capacity is 55 billion cubic meters. m of gas per year (2 lines). The cost of the project, launched in 2012, amounted to 7.4 billion euros.
   
   
   Laying the offshore section of the Nord Stream gas pipeline. Photo: Gazprom
8. The largest deposit
   “King of the Giants” is the middle name of the largest and, perhaps, the most mysterious oil field in the world - Ghawar, located in Saudi Arabia. Its dimensions shock even the most experienced geologists - 280 km by 30 km and elevate Gavar to the rank of the largest developed oil field in the world. The field is fully owned by the state and managed by the state-owned company Saudi Aramco. And therefore very little is known about it: the actual current production figures are not disclosed by either the company or the government. All information about Gavar is mainly historical, collected from random technical publications and rumors. For example, in April 2010, Aramco Vice President Saad al-Treiki told the Saudi media that the field’s resources are truly limitless: over 65 years of development, it has already produced more than 65 billion barrels of oil, and the company estimates the field’s residual resources at more than 100 billion barrels. According to experts from the International Energy Agency, this figure is more modest – 74 billion barrels. Among the gas giants, the title of leader belongs to the two-part North/South Pars field, located in the central part of the Persian Gulf in the territorial waters of Iran (South Pars) and Qatar (North). The total reserves of the field are estimated at 28 trillion. cube m of gas and 7 billion tons of oil.
   
   
   The largest and one of the most mysterious deposits in the world. Graphics: Geo Science World
9. The largest refinery
   The world's largest oil refinery is located in India in the city of Jamnagar. Its capacity is almost 70 million tons per year (for comparison: the largest plant in Russia - the Kirishi Oil Refinery of Surgutneftegaz - is three times less - only 22 million tons per year). The plant in Jamnagar occupies an area of ​​more than 3 thousand hectares and is surrounded by an impressive mango forest. By the way, this plantation of 100 thousand trees brings additional income to the plant: about 7 thousand tons of mangoes are sold from here every year. The Jamnagar refinery is private and owned by Reliance Industries Limited, whose director and owner, Mukesh Ambani, is the richest man in India. Forbes magazine estimates his fortune at $21 billion and ranks him 39th on the list of the richest people in the world.
   
   
   The capacity of Jamangara is three times greater than that of the largest Russian oil refinery. Photo: projehesap.com
10. 
    77 million tons per year - this is how much LNG is produced at the industrial sites of Ras Laffan - a unique energy hub located in Qatar and the world's largest center for the production of liquefied natural gas. Ras Laffan was conceived as an industrial site for processing gas from the unique Severnoye field, located 80 km from the coast of Ras Laffan. The first power facilities of the energy center were launched in 1996. Today, Ras Laffan is located on an area of ​​295 square meters. km (of which 56 sq. km is occupied by the port) and has 14 LNG production lines. Four of them (with a capacity of 7.8 million tons each) are the largest in the world. Among the “attractions” of the energy city are oil and gas processing plants, power plants (including solar), oil and gas chemistry, as well as the world’s largest plant for the production of synthetic liquid fuels – Pearl GTL (capacity 140,000 barrels per day).
    
    
    The Pearl GTL plant (pictured) is just part of the Ras Laffan energy hub. Photo: Qatargas

126. World pipeline transport

Along with rail and road, pipeline transport is one of the land modes of transport. However, while railways and roads transport both goods and passengers, pipelines are intended only for transporting liquid and gaseous products. Accordingly, they are usually divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines (pulp pipelines are of very little importance).

The development of pipeline transport is inseparable from the development of the oil and gas industry. Oil and product pipelines, along with the tanker fleet, are the main means of transporting oil and petroleum products over medium, long and very long distances. The same function is performed by gas pipelines in the gas industry. Both of them ensure bridging the territorial gap between the areas of production and consumption of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.

The history of pipeline transport, like the history of the oil industry, dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The first oil pipeline, only 6 km long, was built in the USA in 1865. Ten years later, the industrial center of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania was connected to the oil field by a 100-kilometer oil pipeline. In Latin America, the first oil pipeline was laid (in Colombia) in 1926, in Asia (in Iran) - in 1934, in foreign Europe (in France) - in 1948. On the territory of the Russian Empire, the first product pipeline connected Baku and Batumi, was built in 1907. But widespread construction of oil pipelines began after the First World War, and gas pipelines - after the Second World War.

By the middle of the 20th century. the total length of pipelines in the world reached 350 thousand km, and in 2005 it exceeded 2 million km. Pipelines have been built and operate in several dozen countries around the world, but, as usual, the countries that are in the top ten according to this indicator are of decisive importance (Table 146).

Table 146

TOP TEN COUNTRIES BY LENGTH OF PIPELINES IN 2005

In addition to the ten leading countries, many other countries of the world have pipelines of considerable length, located in South-West, South-East Asia, North Africa, Latin America, as well as CIS countries.

Analyzing the location of oil and product pipelines, it can be noted that their largest systems have developed, firstly, in countries with large production and domestic consumption of oil and oil products, and sometimes exporting them (USA, Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan, etc.). Secondly, they have developed in countries with a pronounced export orientation of the oil industry (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria, Venezuela). Finally, thirdly, they were formed in countries with an equally pronounced import orientation of the oil industry (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.). The longest oil trunk pipelines were built in the CIS countries, the USA, Canada, and Saudi Arabia.

Among the top ten countries in terms of gas pipeline length, the first seven positions - with a huge quantitative advantage - are occupied by economically developed countries. This is largely explained by the fact that the construction of gas pipelines in China began relatively recently, while most developing countries, if they export natural gas, do so in liquefied form by sea. In turn, of the developed countries listed in the table, the USA, Germany, France, Italy (to which you can add Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, etc.) have a pronounced consumer-import orientation, and Russia and Canada (to them you can add Turkmenistan, Norway, Algeria) - consumer-export or export-consumer orientation. The longest gas pipelines operate in the CIS countries, Canada and the USA.

The density indicator of the pipeline network is used much less frequently than the density indicator of railways and roads. Nevertheless, it can be noted that in terms of the density of the oil pipeline network, the countries of Western Europe (especially the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Great Britain), the United States and the small oil-producing and oil-exporting states of Trinidad and Tobago (“world record holder” with an indicator of 200 km per 1000 km) stand out 2 territories), Brunei and Bahrain. The Netherlands and Germany are the leaders in terms of density of the gas pipeline network (275 km per 1000 km 2 of territory).

Let us now turn to the characteristics of the work, i.e., the cargo flows of global pipeline transport. At the end of the 1990s. the cargo turnover of the world's oil and product pipelines was approaching 4 trillion t/km, and that of gas pipelines - to 2.5 trillion t/km (it will probably be clearer if we say that the world's oil and product pipelines annually pump more than 2 billion tons of oil and its products ). All the same countries that were already mentioned above participate in this cargo turnover, but with an even greater predominance of two of them - Russia and the USA.

Pipeline transport has great development prospects associated with the constant increase in demand for oil and especially natural gas. The construction of main oil pipelines continues in different regions and countries of the world. The Caspian region has recently become the main center of activity in this regard. The construction of gas pipelines has become even more widespread. They are also built in many regions and countries, but if we keep in mind only the most important of them, then we should name first of all the countries of the CIS, Southeast Asia, China, Australia, and secondly Western Europe, the USA and Canada, North Africa and Latin America. According to data for 2001, a total of 85 thousand km of new pipelines were being built in the world.

Russia, inferior to the United States in the total length of pipelines, back in the early 1990s. far exceeded them in terms of cargo turnover of this type of transport. This advantage remained even later: after all, the cargo turnover of Russian oil and gas pipelines is 1850 billion t/km, or almost a third of the world’s. Russia's leadership is largely explained by the fact that its much newer and more modern pipelines, due to the large diameter of the pipes and high pressure, have a much greater throughput capacity. This applies to international pipelines that have been operating for a long time - the Druzhba oil pipeline and the Soyuz and Bratstvo gas pipelines, through which oil and gas are supplied to foreign Europe. And even more so to the recently commissioned Baltic Pipeline System (BPS), which gave oil access to the Gulf of Finland, as well as to the Nord Stream (on the Baltic Sea) and South Stream offshore gas pipelines under construction on the Black Sea. In the eastern direction, a grandiose construction of the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean (ESPO) oil pipeline is underway, through which Russian oil will go to the markets of the Asia-Pacific countries and the United States. Thanks to pipes with a diameter of almost 1.5 m, the throughput capacity of this oil pipeline will be 80 million tons per year.

/ 19.04.2010

The birthday of gas pipeline transport was August 27, 1859, when former American railroad conductor Edwin Drake drilled a 25 m deep well in Pennsylvania and discovered gas instead of oil. Undeterred, Edwin built a pipeline with a diameter of 5 cm and a length of about 9 km to the city, where gas began to be used for lighting and cooking.

Since then, gas pipeline transport has developed and its scale has increased. Currently, the TOP 10 longest gas pipelines in the world are as follows.

1. Gas pipeline “ Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod”, 4451 km, built in 1983.

2. Gas pipeline “Yamal-Europe”, 4196 km. Passes through Vuktyl, Ukhta, Gryazovets, Torzhok, Smolensk, Minsk, the Polish cities of Zambrów, Włocławek, Poznan. The end point is Frankfurt an der Oder.

3. Chinese gas pipeline “West-East” (see figure for the article), 4127 km. Connects Xinjiang province with Shanghai.

4. The first American main gas pipeline “Tennessee” (Tennessee), 3300 km, built in 1944. The route runs from the Gulf of Mexico through the states of Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Pennsylvania to West Virginia, New Jersey, New York and New England .

5. Bolivia-Brazil pipeline (GASBOL), 3150 km. The longest gas pipeline in South America. It was built in two stages, the first line with a length of 1418 km began operation in 1999, the second line with a length of 1165 km began operation in 2000.

6. Gas pipeline “Central Asia - Center”, 2750 km. Connects the gas fields of Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with the industrialized regions of central Russia.

7. American gas pipeline Rockies Express, 2702 km. The route runs from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Ohio. Built in 2009

8. Iran-Turkey gas pipeline, 2577 km. Routed from Tabriz through Erzurum to Ankara.

9. TransMed gas pipeline, 2475 km. The gas pipeline route runs from Algeria through Tunisia and Sicily to Italy.

10. Turkmenistan-China gas pipeline, 1833 km, built in 2010.

Next on the list are the Maghreb-Europe gas pipelines, 1,620 km long, as well as Australia’s longest gas pipeline, Dampier to Bunbury, 1,530 km long. A little shorter are the Dashava-Kiev-Bryansk-Moscow gas pipelines, 1300 km long, built in 1952, and Stavropol-Moscow, 1310 km long, built in 1956. The Nord Stream gas pipelines (Nord Stream, 1223) are even a little shorter km), and “Blue Stream” (Blue Stream, 1213 km).

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The non-destructive testing laboratory of ISK PetroEngineering conducted more than 13 thousand inspections in 2018
In 2018, the non-destructive testing laboratory of ISK PetroEngineering conducted more than 13 thousand inspections of equipment parts and identified about 100 hidden metal defects that could lead to accidents. All equipment used in drilling wells in various regions undergoes quality control. The largest number of hidden defects are detected in equipment that is processed in the Ural-Volga region, which is due to the geological structure of local deposits and the operating modes of the equipment. The laboratory has several methods in its arsenal: visual measurement control, ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle testing.

Today it is impossible to imagine the existence of any economic empire that abandoned the use of transport networks. The globalization of the world economy has led to the fact that the production of modern technical equipment has become available to any large corporation. Now, producers' transportation costs suddenly became the decisive factor determining price competition.

Transport is the main connecting link in absolutely any structure: from the production of household appliances to the invention of spaceships. Freight transport, passenger trains, military aircraft - they are all united into a single transport network - the aorta, and individual modes of transport resemble communicating blood vessels. This strange organism is called the world economy.

Pipelines of the world.

The youngest mode of transport, which instantly turned out to be the most popular in the industry of highly developed countries, was pipeline transport. Appearing in the United States at the end of the 19th century, during the development of the oil industry, the first oil pipeline, only 6 kilometers long, became a long-awaited breath of clean air for oil and gas corporations that were beginning to gain strength. This is the only type of transport designed exclusively for the movement of goods, and only liquid and gaseous ones. No metals, no passengers - only oil and only gas. Pipelines currently account for 11% of global freight volumes, and this percentage continues to grow.

If you want to learn everything about pipeline transport in the world, it is worth considering that it is built on the principle of delivering gas and oil directly from the production site to anywhere in the world. The introduction of such segments into the infrastructure of global industry has become the least expensive way to transport bulk cargo over long distances. Pipeline transport has become widespread during the development of new natural gas and oil fields located far from areas of processing and subsequent consumption. The advantages of the pipeline network have made it possible to increase the volume of oil and gas pumped while reducing the cost of transportation, which has played a huge role in favor of the development of an extensive pipeline network.

Factors that distinguish the pipeline from other modes of transport:

• Possibility of year-round, virtually uninterrupted pumping of oil over any distance, with minimal cargo losses and costs.
• The ability to fully automate the entire process.
• The process of oil production has ceased to depend on climatic conditions.
• The unit cost of constructing 1 km of pipeline is two times less than 1 km of railway.
• The pipeline can be laid almost anywhere in the world, significantly saving construction costs.

Currently, the pipeline is considered the most profitable type of transport network in terms of its specific gravity and the number of cargo flows. Along with the increase in the volume of extracted minerals, transport routes began to expand. For countries with a vast territory, the development of such transport and communication systems has become task number one. The market for raw materials has intensified, and the commodity structure of cargo flows has changed. The world economy began to adapt to the export orientation of the oil industry.

Leaders in global cargo turnover.

You can learn everything about pipeline transport in the world by following its development from the very beginning. The United States began construction of the pipeline much earlier than other countries. Russia, while inferior to other countries in the length of pipeline routes, did not remain in debt, already at the end of the 1990s, having far surpassed them in terms of pipeline cargo turnover. Subsequently, Russia retained its leadership right; the cargo turnover of Russian oil and gas pipelines accounts for almost a third of the world cargo turnover.

The 2005 table shows the high level of development of the countries included in this top ten. Changes, of course, occurred, but not strong ones. Russia is now the leader in the length of pipelines, the total length of the main system is 48.7 thousand km (data from 2006). This giant oil pipeline carries 90% of all Russian oil.

Pipeline transport undoubtedly has great developments in the future, but no matter how practical and inexpensive it is, how will its use ultimately affect the ecology of our planet? There are already a sufficient number of cases of oil pipeline breakthroughs that have caused enormous harm to the environment. The environmental problem goes hand in hand with all the positive qualities of this new type of transport system, which is tightly integrated into the structure of the world economy. Don’t forget about it, because the first thing you need to do is preserve life on Earth and the health of all its inhabitants.

Trunk oil pipelines have entangled planet Earth like a web. Their main direction is not difficult to determine: from oil production sites they are directed either to oil refining sites or to tanker loading sites. It is for this reason that the task of transporting oil has led to the creation of a large network of oil pipelines. In terms of cargo turnover, oil pipeline transport has far surpassed railway transport in terms of transportation of oil and petroleum products.

Main oil pipeline is a pipeline intended for transporting commercial oil from areas of their production (from fields) or storage to places of consumption (oil depots, transshipment bases, loading points into tanks, oil terminals, individual industrial enterprises and refineries). They are characterized by high throughput, pipeline diameter from 219 to 1400 mm and excess pressure from 1.2 to 10 MPa.

The leaders among pipeline transport operators are the Russian company OJSC "Transneft"(its enterprises have the world's largest oil pipeline system - more than 50,000 kilometers) and a Canadian enterprise "Enbridge". According to experts in the United States, oil pipeline systems have reached their optimal level, and therefore their construction will be frozen at the current level. The construction of oil pipelines will increase in China, India and, strange as it may seem, in Europe, since there is a total diversification of supplies there.

Canada

The longest pipelines, other than the European continent, are in Canada and are directed to the center of the continent. Among them is an oil pipeline "Redwater - Port Credit", whose length is 4840 kilometers.

USA

The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of energy. Oil is the main source of energy for the United States, and now supplies up to 40% of the country's needs. The United States has a very extensive oil pipeline system, especially densely covering the southeast of the country. Among them are the following oil pipelines:

- an oil pipeline with a diameter of 1220 mm, designed to pump oil produced at the Prudhoe Bay field in northern Alaska to the port of Valdez in its south. Crosses the state of Alaska from north to south, the length of the oil pipeline is 1288 km. Consists of a crude oil pipeline, 12 pumping stations, several hundred kilometers of supply pipelines, and a terminal in the city of Valdez. Construction of the oil pipeline began after the 1973 energy crisis. The rise in oil prices has made it economically profitable to produce it in Prudhoe Bay. Construction faced many challenges, mainly the very low temperatures and difficult, isolated terrain. The oil pipeline was one of the first projects to encounter permafrost problems. The first barrel of oil was pumped through the pipeline in 1977. It is one of the most protected pipelines in the world. The Trans-Alaska oil pipeline was designed by engineer Egor Popov to withstand an earthquake of up to 8.5 magnitude. It was laid above the ground on special supports with compensators, allowing the pipe to slide along special metal rails horizontally for almost 6 m, using a special gravel cushion, and 1.5 meters vertically. In addition, the oil pipeline route was laid using a zigzag broken line to compensate for stresses caused by soil displacement during very strong longitudinal seismic vibrations, as well as during thermal expansion of the metal. The pipeline's throughput capacity is 2,130,000 barrels per day.

Main oil pipeline system "Seaway"— a 1,080-kilometer pipeline transporting oil from Cushing, Oklahoma, to the terminal and distribution system of Freeport, Texas, located on the Gulf Coast. Pipeline is an important link in the transportation of crude oil between twooil regionsin the United States. The pipeline went online in 1976 and was originally designed to transport foreign oil from Texas ports to refineries in the Midwest. Oil was pumped in this direction until 1982, when a decision was made to transport natural gas through this pipeline, but in the opposite direction - from north to south. In June 2012, oil was pumped through the pipeline again. The oil pipeline capacity is 400,000 barrels per day. The second line of the pipeline was commissioned in December 2014 and runs parallel to the first line "Seaway". The capacity of the second line is 450,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Flanagan south" put into operation in 2014 and has a length of 955 kilometers, crossing the states of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma. The pipeline transports oil from Pontiac, Illinois, to terminals in Cushing, Oklahoma. The pipeline system has seven pumping stations. Pipeline "Flanagan south" provides the additional capacity needed to deliver crude oil to North American refineries and onward through other pipelines along the U.S. Gulf Coast. The pipeline capacity is approximately 600,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Spearhead"- a 1050 kilometer oil pipeline with a diameter of 610 mm, which transports crude oil from Cushing (Oklahoma) to the main terminal in Chicago (Illinois). The oil pipeline capacity is 300,000 barrels per day.

The first main oil pipeline with a diameter of 1000 mm in the United States was built in 1968 to transport oil from St. James (New Orleans) to Patoka (Illinois). The length of the oil pipeline is 1012 kilometers. Oil pipeline capacity "St James" - "Treacle" 1,175,000 barrels per day.

Oil pipeline system "Keystone"- a network of oil pipelines in Canada and the United States. Supplies oil from the Athabasca oil sands (Alberta, Canada) to US refineries in Steele City (Nebraska), Wood River and Patoka (Illinois), from the Texas Gulf Coast. In addition to synthetic oil and molten bitumen (dilbit) from the Canadian oil sands, light crude oil is also transported from the Illinois Basin (Bakken) to Montana and North Dakota. Three phases of the project are in operation - the fourth phase is awaiting US government approval. Section I, supplying oil from Hardisty, Alberta to Steele City, Wood River and Patoka, was completed in the summer of 2010 and spans 3,456 kilometers. Section II, the Keystone-Cushing spur, was completed in February 2011 with a pipeline from Steele City to storage and distribution facilities in the major Cushing, Oklahoma, hub. These two stages have the potential to pump up to 590,000 barrels per day of oil to Midwest refineries. The third phase, a branch from the Gulf Coast, opened in January 2014 and has a capacity of up to 700,000 barrels per day. The total length of the oil pipeline is 4,720 kilometers.

Oil pipeline system "Enbridge" is a pipeline system that transports crude oil and molten bitumen from Canada to the United States. The total length of the system is 5363 kilometers, including several tracks. The main parts of the system are the 2,306-kilometer Enbridge section (Canadian section of the highway) and the 3,057-kilometer Lakehead section (US section of the highway). The average throughput capacity of the oil pipeline system is 1,400,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "New Mexico - Cushing"— length 832 kilometers, throughput capacity 350,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Midland - Houston"— length 742 kilometers, throughput capacity 310,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Cushing - Wood River"— length 703 kilometers, throughput capacity 275,000 barrels per day.

Latin America

New oil fields have been discovered in Brazil, Venezuela and Mexico. Now these states are fully provided with energy resources, the supply of which is ensured by such oil pipelines as "Sagliaco - Bahia Blanca" in Argentina, 630 km long, oil pipeline "Rio de Janeiro - Belo Horizonte» in Brazil with a length of 370 km, as well as an oil pipeline "Sicuco - Coveñas" in Colombia with a length of 534 km.

Europe

Europe has large oil and gas reserves. Of the countries that are members of the European Union, 6 are oil producers. These are Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the Netherlands. If we take the EU as a whole, it is the largest producer of oil and ranks seventh, as well as second in terms of its consumption in the world. The proven oil reserves of the EU countries at the beginning of 2014 amounted to 900 million tons. One of the largest highways - South European Oil Pipeline, which transports oil from the port of Lavert to Karlsruhe via Strasbourg. The length of this oil pipeline is 772 km.

Pipeline "Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan", designed to transport Caspian oil to the Turkish port of Ceyhan, is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The oil pipeline was put into operation on June 4, 2006. Currently, the oil pipeline pumps oil from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field block and condensate from the Shah Deniz field. Oil pipeline length "Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan" is 1768 kilometers. The oil pipeline passes through the territory of three countries - Azerbaijan (443 km), Georgia (249 km) and Turkey (1076 km). The throughput capacity is 1.2 million barrels of oil per day.

Central European Oil Pipeline- a suspended crude oil pipeline that crosses the Alps along the route Genoa (Italy) - Ferrara - Aigle - Inglstadt (Germany). The oil pipeline was put into operation in 1960 and supplied oil refineries in Bavaria. The oil pipeline closed on February 3, 1997 due to environmental problems and high remediation costs. The length of the oil pipeline is 1000 kilometers.

Russia

One of the oldest domestic oil pipelines - "Friendship". The system of main oil pipelines was built in the 1960s by the USSR enterprise Lengazspetsstroy to deliver oil from the Volga Ural oil and gas region to the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. The route runs from Almetyevsk (Tatarstan) through Samara to Mozyr and branches into northern and southern pipelines. The northern one passes through Belarus, Poland, Germany, Latvia and Lithuania, the southern one – through Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. To the main oil pipeline system "Friendship" includes 8,900 km of pipelines (of which 3,900 km are in Russia), 46 pumping stations, 38 intermediate pumping stations, the tank farms of which hold 1.5 million m³ of oil. The operating capacity of the oil pipeline is 66.5 million tons per year.

There is also an oil pipeline BTS-1, which connects the oil fields of the Timan-Pechora, West Siberian and Ural-Volga regions with the seaport of Primorsk. The goals of the construction of the Baltic pipeline system were to increase the capacity of the oil export pipeline network, reduce the costs of oil exports, as well as the need to reduce the risks of oil transit through other states. The oil pipeline's throughput capacity is 70 million tons per year.

Everyone knows the oil pipeline BTS-2 from the city of Unecha in the Bryansk region to Ust-Luga in the Leningrad region, designed to become an alternative route for Russian oil supplies to Europe, which will replace the Druzhba oil pipeline and avoid transit risks.

ESPO(piping system "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean") - an oil pipeline running from the city of Taishet (Irkutsk region) to the oil loading port of Kozmino in Nakhodka Bay. Pipeline construction ESPO has already been recognized as unique in a number of indicators, such as length (4740 km), working conditions, unique concern for the environment and an unprecedented synergistic effect for the regional economy. Its main goal is to encourage oil companies to develop fields in Eastern Siberia and diversify oil supplies by connecting large consumers in the Asia-Pacific region. Geopolitical factors also played a role - a number of laws in European countries that were aimed against dependence on Russian oil. In such a situation, it is best to look for new markets in advance.

Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC)- the largest international oil transportation project with the participation of Russia, Kazakhstan, as well as the world's leading production companies, created for the construction and operation of a main pipeline with a length of more than 1.5 thousand km. Connects the fields of Western Kazakhstan (Tengiz, Karachaganak) with the Russian coast of the Black Sea (Southern Ozereevka terminal near Novorossiysk).

China

Today China consumes 10 million barrels of oil per day, although it produces only 200 million tons per year. Since the country has few of its own resources, every year it will become increasingly dependent on imported oil and gas. To solve this problem and for its own purposes, Russia built ESPO-1 with a length of more than 2500 km. It runs from Taishet to Skovorodino, and its throughput capacity is 30 million tons per year. Construction is currently underway on the second part to the port of Kozmino (Pacific Coast), while deliveries are carried out by rail. Oil is supplied to China via the Skovorodino-Daqing highway section.

Thanks to the construction of the second string of the pipeline, the ESPO-2 project envisages an increase in throughput to 80 million tons per year. It is planned to launch in December 2012.

Kazakhstan

Pipeline "Kazakhstan-China" is the first oil pipeline for Kazakhstan that allows direct import of oil abroad. The length of the pipeline is about 2,000 kilometers and extends from the Caspian Sea to the city of Xinjiang in China. The pipeline is owned by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and the Kazakh oil company KazMunayGas. The construction of the gas pipeline was agreed upon between China and Kazakhstan in 1997. The construction of the oil pipeline was carried out in several stages.

Near East

South Iran Oil Pipeline 600 km long, it is laid to the Persian Gulf and is an exit to world oil markets.

Pipeline "Kirkuk-Ceyhan"— a 970-kilometer oil pipeline, the largest oil pipeline in Iraq, connecting the Kirkuk field (Iraq) with the oil loading port in Ceyhan (Turkey). The oil pipeline consists of 2 pipes with a diameter of 1170 and 1020 millimeters, with a throughput capacity of 1,100 and 500 thousand barrels per day, respectively. But now the oil pipeline is not using all its capacity and in fact about 300 thousand barrels per day pass through it. In many places the pipes are in need of significant repairs. Since 2003, on the Iraqi side, the work of the oil pipeline has been complicated by numerous acts of sabotage.

Trans Arabian oil pipeline— A 1,214-kilometer, currently inactive oil pipeline that ran from Al-Qaisum in Saudi Arabia to Saida (oil loading port) in Lebanon. It served as an important part of the global oil trade, American and intra-Middle Eastern politics during its existence, and contributed to the economic development of Lebanon. The throughput capacity was 79,000 m 3 per day. Construction trans-Arabian oil pipeline began in 1947 and was carried out mainly under the leadership of the American company Bechtel. It was originally supposed to end at Haifa, which was then under the British Mandate of Palestine, but due to the creation of the State of Israel, an alternative route was chosen through Syria (Golan Heights) to Lebanon with a port terminal at Saida. Pumping oil through the pipeline began in 1950. Since 1967, as a result of the Six Day War, part of the pipeline that passed through the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, but the Israelis did not block the pipeline. After several years of ongoing disputes between Saudi Arabia, Syria and Lebanon over transit fees, the appearance of oil supertankers, and pipeline accidents, the portion of the line north of Jordan ceased operation in 1976. The remainder of the pipeline between Saudi Arabia and Jordan continued to transport small volumes of oil until 1990, when Saudi Arabia stopped supplies in response to Jordan's neutrality during the first Gulf War. Today, the entire line is unsuitable for oil transportation.