How to write reviews correctly: mastering a non-standard direction. Analytical review of the literature on the research problem Formulation of the literature review

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The work of collecting information may be limited to transferring information to the manager, but the secretary-referent may be given a more complex task: to analyze the information and prepare an analytical review. Analytical review (abstract) - an abbreviated summary of the content of primary documents with basic factual information and conclusions. Analytical reviews are compiled on the basis of books, articles, newspaper and magazine publications, management documents and other sources of information.

Drawing up an analytical review is necessary so that the manager can quickly, without spending a lot of time, obtaincomprehensive information on the problem. Therefore, the main requirement for an analytical review is: all information must be presented in a concise and systematized form.

Work on the analytical review begins after the literature has been studied and factual material has been collected. Its first step is to draw up a plan that determines the sequence of presentation of the material. The plan helps to better think through the structure of the analytical review, determine which sections are overloaded with material, where there is not enough material, which questions should be omitted, etc. Drawing up a plan helps to avoid mistakes in constructing the text.

A good analytical review should contain answers to the following questions: who did what, where, whenand for what purpose it was done. It should contain as much specific information as possible that is available in the original information materials. If an analytical review is compiled on the basis of management documents, it is necessary to focus on new information and determine how appropriate it is to refer to the document itself in the future.

At the beginning of the analytical review there is a list of primary sources of information on the basis of which it was compiled. If the analytical review is compiled on the basis of books, articles, newspaper or magazine publications, then the analytical review itself is preceded by a bibliographic description of the documents being reviewed in accordance with the requirement of GOST 7.1-84 "System of standards for information, library and publishing. Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and drafting rules." If an analytical review is compiled on the basis of legislative, other regulatory legal acts, management documents, a list of documents used is placed before the text, indicating the name of each document, the body that issued it, the title to the text, the date and registration number. The listing of sources of information may be omitted if the source books or copies of documents are attached to the analytical review.

An analytical review must have a title that may differ from the title of the document being reviewed if:

· the analytical review is not compiled in the language of the document being reviewed;

· an analytical review is compiled for a part of the document (in this case, the title reflects the content of the part of the document being reviewed);

· the title of the document does not reflect the content of the document or analytical review;

· The analytical review is compiled based on several sources.

Analytical reviews are compiled according to a certain scheme: topic, subject (object), nature and purpose of the work, method of carrying out the work.

The title and information contained in the bibliographic description should not be repeated in the text. Unnecessary introductory structures should be avoided ( the author of the article considers... and so on.). Historical references, if they do not form the main content of the document being reviewed, descriptions of previously published works and well-known provisions are not given in the analytical review.

At the beginning of the analytical review, if required, you should place keywords - elements of the information retrieval language. To do this, from the text of the document being reviewed, from 5 to 15 words or phrases are selected that most accurately convey the content of the document. Keywords should provide the ability to search for an analytical review in an automated information system. Keywords are written in the nominative case in capital letters in a line separated by commas.

The text of the analytical review begins with a statement of the essence of the issue, then its specific or particular aspects are revealed. The review may describe how the work is performed. It is advisable to conduct it if these methods are of particular interest within the framework of the topic of the analytical review. Widely known methods are only named. If specific data is provided in the analytical review, then the sources of this data and the nature of their receipt and processing are indicated.

When citing the main theoretical, experimental, and descriptive results, preference should be given to new and proven facts, results of long-term significance, and discoveries important for solving practical issues. If the source information materials contain new information that goes beyond the main topic, they can also be mentioned in the analytical review.

The conclusions (assessments, proposals) contained in the sources should also be reflected in the analytical review and the scope of their application should be indicated.

If the document is missing any part (methods, conclusions, scope), then it is omitted in the analytical review, maintaining the consistency of presentation.

In an analytical review, it is possible to present the contents of the document in more or less detail. If a brief analytical review is being compiled, it is limited to the main topic and results presented in the document being reviewed.

The analytical review should be concise and precise. You should use syntactic constructions characteristic oflanguage of the documents being reviewed, avoid complex grammatical structures.

In the analytical review, you should use standardized terminology, avoid unusual terms and symbols, and if you cannot do without them, explain their meanings the first time they are mentioned in the text. Terms, individual words and phrases, names of organizations and positions may be replaced by officially accepted abbreviations and generally accepted text abbreviations, the meaning of which is clear from the context.

Formulas in an analytical review are provided if it is impossible to convey the content without them and if they reflect the results of the work described in the document being reviewed. Formulas make it easier to understand the above.

It is allowed to include illustrations and tables in the analytical review if they help to reveal the contentdocument and reduce the amount of text.

If a source is abstracted in a foreign language, surnames, names of institutions, organizations, companies, names of products and other proper names in the text of the analytical review are given in the original language. It is allowed to write foreign proper names in letters of the Russian alphabet in accordance with existing transliteration rules or present them in transcribed form. To do this, you need to use a table of correspondence between the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets (other writing options are separated by a slash), recommended by the international communications service*:

Russians	Latin	Russians	Latin
	J/ZH
			CH
			SC/SHCH

* Transliteration does not provide for the transmission of the characters "ъ" and "ь", the Cyrillic letters "e" and "e" are transmitted as one character, to convey the letter "i" it is recommended to use the Latin letter "i".

All geographical names in the analytical review are given in accordance with the latest edition of the "Atlas of the World" of the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography. If this geographical name is not included in the World Atlas, it is given in the original language or in the language of the document being reviewed.

The analytical review can also include other information that is of interest to those to whom the analytical review is addressed (name of the organization in which the work was performed, information about the author of the primary document, links to previously published documents, etc.). If there are errors or contradictions in the source document, appropriate notes should be placed in the additional information.

The scope of the analytical review is determined by the content of the document, the amount of information and its scientific value or practical significance. Nevertheless, there are general recommendations on their volume when published in special publications. The average text volume of an analytical review is (in printed characters): 500 - for notes and short messages; 1000 - for most articles, patents; 2500 - for large documents. If necessary, the scope of the analytical review can be increased.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FSBI "Specialized center for accounting in the agro-industrial complex"

(FGBU “Special Center for Agroindustrial Complex”)

preparation of analytical reviews

Moscow 2011

annotation

The main goal of the activity is to analyze and forecast the state of the market for agricultural products, processed industry products and food, material and technical resources and services for the development and adoption of motivated decisions on the development of agro-industrial production, sales of products and food by all subjects of the agro-industrial complex.

Due to a wide branch network, the institution forms a unified interconnected system of information support for the agro-industrial complex, carrying out high-quality collection, prompt processing and professional analysis of market information.

The leading activities of the organization are the analysis of economic information on various segments of the agro-industrial market and the market of material and technical resources, as well as the provision of information services in the field of agro-industrial complex (collection, processing, analysis and synthesis of statistical information and data, information and analytical materials, financial and economic indicators activities of organizations, reporting, market information on agricultural products and food, material and technical resources and services for rural areas), preparation, release and provision of free access to analytical reports on various segments of the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in Russia and the world (“Russia in the agri-food market of the world”, “Market of grain and its processed products”, “Market of oilseeds and their processed products”, “Market of potatoes, vegetables and fruits”, “Sugar market”, “Biofuel market”, “Market of agricultural machinery”, “ Mineral fertilizer market", "Milk market", "Meat market", "Petroleum products market", "Labor market in the agro-industrial complex").

The development vectors of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Spetscentruchet in the Agro-Industrial Complex” are: modernization and continuous improvement of the existing system of working with market information, improvement of methods for monitoring the reliability of primary information, close cooperation with regional departments of the agro-industrial complex, effective participation in the implementation of measures for the development of the State Information Support System in the field of agriculture .

1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS OF THE RF AIC MARKET.. 4

2 REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYTICAL REVIEWS... 5

2.1 Requirements for the content of the material. 5

2.2 Requirements for the form of information submission. 6

2.3 Disciplinary requirements. 7

3 DESIGN OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS.. 8

3.1 General requirements. 8

3.2 Construction of an analytical review. 8

3.3 Numbering of pages of the analytical review. 9

3.4 Numbering and design of sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs of the analytical review 9

3.5 Illustrations. eleven

3.6 Tables.. 12

3.9 List of sources used. 15

3.10 Applications. 17

4 SAMPLE STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS... 19

4.1 Milk and dairy products. 19

4.2 Meat and meat products. 26

4.3 Grain and products of its processing. 34

4.4 Oilseeds and their products. 37

4.5 Potatoes, vegetables and fruits.. 40

4.6 Sugar. 43

4.7 Labor market of the Russian agricultural sector of the economy. 46

4.8 Energy resources... 49

4.9 Biofuels. 51

4.10 Mineral fertilizers. 53

4.11 Agricultural machinery. 55

4.12 Russia in the world agri-food market. 57

1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS OF THE RF AIC MARKET

Analysis of the agro-industrial complex market involves identifying factors that influenced the change in the situation on the global agri-food market during the analyzed period, reviewing and assessing observed indicators and indicator products for the analyzed period both in Russia and abroad, tracking the main trends and dynamics of development of indicators, and making forecasts.

The process of analyzing the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in the agro-industrial complex, with the proper level of organization of the process, assumes that the researcher is a highly qualified specialist in the subject area and is able to give an expert assessment of the current situation on the world market and the domestic market of the country.

An analytical review, as a result of the analysis, must be a complete, logically structured product that meets the set goals and solves the assigned tasks, allowing the user to obtain the most complete, reliable, up-to-date information presented in a user-friendly format.

The main target audience of analytical reviews of the agro-industrial complex market are the agro-industrial complex management bodies, the real agricultural business sector, including collective and private farms, and other interested users.

The main goal of analytical reviews is information support for the activities of organizations in the agro-industrial complex based on modern forms and methods of economic analysis.

The main objective of analytical reviews is the visual and structured provision of up-to-date, reliable analytical information about the current situation and development trends of various segments of the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in Russia and the world for making operational organizational and management decisions by interested users.

2 REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYTICAL REVIEWS

2.1 Requirements for material content

2.1.1 Completeness of the overview of the analyzed segment of the Russian agro-industrial complex market

The content and content of the analytical review should fully disclose the stated topic. In order to achieve complete reflection of the selected topic in an analytical review, it is necessary to clearly understand all the components of its content; be competent and well-versed in the entire range of industry and other information sources related to the topic of the review.

2.1.2 Diversity and legitimacy of information sources used

To prepare the review, a wide and diverse range of sources should be used, including recommended official, industry, information publications and websites, industry and statistical databases.

2.1.3 Relevance of the information reflected in the review

The information provided in reviews and the data analyzed must be current and cover relevant information for the entire reporting period. Information related to the topic, but beyond the designated period, is acceptable in the text of the review only for drawing comparative conclusions in relation to current indicators.

2.1.4 Correctness and validity of interpretation

The content of the entire analytical review, all information included in it, must be neutral, purely thematic in nature, exclude any reviews and assessments regarding the activities of individual officials and officials, and also not allow comments on certain political events (this condition also applies to author's analytics, and to citing sources). At the same time, the validity of the interpretation must be traced, which implies logical coherence, objectivity and adequacy of the generalizations and conclusions made by the author of the review, a clear understanding of the analyzed information and sufficient competence in the specifics of the subject under consideration.

The information and statistical indicators presented in the review should not look like a lengthy enumeration. Working with statistical data should include assessment and analysis of indicators to identify main trends and dynamics.

2.2 Requirements for the information submission form

2.2.1 Preparation of analytical reviews

The analytical review should be prepared in accordance with the recommendations given in section 3 of these guidelines. Deviations from the recommendations for the presentation of analytical information are allowed in order to improve the perception of this information by interested users (for example, it is allowed to draw up conclusions, chain diagrams, tables in separate “blocks” that fit into the general text of the review, but the signatures of tables, figures and other design elements must meet the requirements given in section 3 of these guidelines).

2.2.2 Lexico-stylistic and spelling literacy of the review

The analytical review must be carried out in compliance with the following requirements:

No grammatical errors;

1.1.2 Oil prices

1.2 World economy

2 SITUATION BY THE MAIN SEGMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN AGRIFOOD MARKET

2.1 Livestock

2.1.1 Milk

2.2 Crop production

2.2.1 Cereals

2.2.2 Oilseeds

2.2.3 Potatoes and vegetables

2.2.4 Sugar

3.4.4 If a section consists of one subsection, then the subsection is not numbered. If a subsection consists of one paragraph, then the paragraph is not numbered. The presence of one subsection in a section is equivalent to their actual absence.

3.4.5 If the review text is divided only into paragraphs, then they are numbered with serial numbers within the entire review.

3.4.6 Clauses, if necessary, can be divided into subclauses, which should be numbered within each clause, for example 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3, etc.

3.4.7 Listings may be provided within clauses or subclauses. Each listing should be preceded by a hyphen or, if necessary, a reference in the text of the document to one of the listings, a lowercase letter (with the exception of ё, з, о, г, ь, и, ы, ъ), followed by a parenthesis.

To further detail the listings, it is necessary to use Arabic numerals, after which a parenthesis is placed, and the entry is made with a paragraph indentation, as shown in the example.

Example:

3.4.8 If the review consists of two or more parts, each part must have its own serial number. The number of each part should be written in Arabic numerals on the title page, indicating the type of review, for example, “Part 2”.

3.4.9 Each structural element of the review should start on a new sheet (page).

3.4.10 The numbering of the pages of the review and annexes included in the review must be continuous.

3.5 Illustrations

3.5.1 Illustrations (drawings, graphs, diagrams, computer printouts, diagrams, photographs) should be placed in the review immediately after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. All illustrations must be referenced in the review.

3.5.2 All illustrations must be aligned to the center of the page without paragraph indentation. At least one free line must be left above and below each illustration.

2.5.3 The style of illustrations must be the same for the entire analytical review.

3.5.4 Illustrations can be computer generated, including color. When designing illustrations, you should take into account the specifics of black and white printing, that is, elements of drawings and diagrams must be visually distinguishable in black and white.

3.5.5 Illustrations, with the exception of illustrations of applications, should be numbered in Arabic numerals with continuous numbering.

If there is only one picture, then it is designated “Figure 1”. The word “drawing” and its name are placed in the middle of the line.

3.5.6 It is allowed to number illustrations within a section. In this case, the illustration number consists of the section number and the serial number of the illustration, separated by a dot. For example, Figure 1.1.

3.5.7 Illustrations, if necessary, may have a name and explanatory data (text below the figure). The font size of captions for illustrations should be one size smaller than the font of the main text (10 pt). The word “Figure” and the name are placed after the explanatory data and arranged as follows:

Example:

Figure 1 - Logo of the Federal State Budgetary Institution

"Specialized accounting center in the agro-industrial complex"

3.5.8 Illustrations of each application are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the application designation before the number. For example, 3 .

3.6 Tables

3.6.1 Tables are used for better clarity and ease of comparison of indicators. The title of the table, if available, should reflect its content, be accurate, and concise. The title of the table should be placed above the table on the left, without indentation, on one line with its number separated by a dash. The font size of table captions should be one point smaller than the font of the main text.

When moving part of a table, the title is placed only above the first part of the table; the lower horizontal line limiting the table is not drawn.

3.6.2 The table should be placed in the review immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. At least one free line must be left above and below each table.

3.6.4 All tables must be aligned to the width of the page. The information in the table must be formatted in accordance with the following rules:

Aligns numerical data horizontally - to the right edge of the cells. Values ​​are rounded to the nearest hundredth;

Align text horizontally – to the left edge of cells;

The table header is aligned horizontally to the center of the cells;

Vertically, all table cells are centered;

The line spacing in the table is 10 mm.

3.6.5 A table with a large number of rows can be transferred to another sheet (page). When transferring part of a table to another sheet (page), the word “Table” and its number are indicated once on the left above the first part of the table, above the other parts the word “Continuation” is written and the table number is indicated, For example:"Continuation of Table 1." When transferring a table to another sheet (page), the title is placed only above its first part.

A table with a large number of columns can be divided into parts and placed one part under the other within one page. If the rows and columns of the table go beyond the page format, then in the first case the head is repeated in each part of the table, in the second case the side is repeated.

If the text repeated in different lines of a table column consists of one word, then after the first writing it can be replaced with quotation marks; if it consists of two or more words, then at the first repetition it is replaced with the words “The same”, and then with quotation marks. Putting quotation marks instead of repeating numbers, marks, signs, mathematical and chemical symbols is not allowed. If digital or other data is not given in any row of the table, then a dash is placed in it.

3.6.6 Tables, with the exception of appendix tables, should be numbered with Arabic numerals and continuous numbering.

It is allowed to number tables within a section. In this case, the table number consists of the section number and the table sequence number, separated by a dot.

The tables of each application are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the application designation before the number.

If there is one table in the document, then it should be designated “Table 1” or “1” if it is given in Appendix B.

3.6.7 Headings of columns and table rows should be written with a capital letter in the singular, and column subheadings with a lowercase letter if they form one sentence with the heading, or with a capital letter if they have an independent meaning. There are no periods at the end of headings and subheadings of tables.

3.6.8 Tables on the left, right and bottom are usually limited by lines. It is allowed to use a font size in the table that is smaller than in the text.

Dividing the headings and subheadings of the sidebar and column with diagonal lines is not allowed.

Horizontal and vertical lines delimiting the rows of the table may not be drawn if their absence does not make it difficult to use the table.

Column headers are usually written parallel to the table rows. If necessary, perpendicular arrangement of column headings is allowed.

3.7 Notes

3.7.1 The word “Note” should be printed in capital letters from the paragraph and not underlined.

3.7.2 Notes are provided in documents if explanations or reference data are needed for the content of text, tables or graphic material. Notes should not contain requirements.

3.7.3 Notes should be placed immediately after the text, graphic material or table to which the notes relate. If there is only one note, then a dash is placed after the word “Note” and the note is printed in capital letters. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order using Arabic numerals without a period. A table note is placed at the end of the table above the line indicating the end of the table.

Example:

Note -__________________________________________

Several notes are numbered in sequence using Arabic numerals.

Example:

Notes

1_______________________________________________

2_______________________________________________

3_______________________________________________

3.8 Links

3.8.1 Links to used sources should be indicated by the serial number of the bibliographic description of the source in the list of used sources. The reference number is enclosed in square brackets.

3.8.2 Reference should be made to the document as a whole or its sections and appendices. Links to subsections, paragraphs, tables and illustrations are not allowed.

3.8.3 When referring to standards and technical specifications, only their designation is indicated, while it is possible not to indicate the year of their approval, provided that the standard is fully described in the list of sources used in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of compilation."

3.9 List of sources used

3.9.1 The list of used sources is recommended to be drawn up in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for compilation", GOST 7.1-2003 "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of compilation."

3.9.2 Bibliography, that is, a list of literature used in the work on the research, is placed after the main text before the appendices.

3.9.3 All literature used is numbered continuously from the first to the last source.

3.9.4 The list of sources used should be arranged in the following sequence:

Printed publications;

Periodicals;

Electronic resources.

Within each group, entries are arranged in alphabetical order.

3.9.5 Each bibliographic record includes basic information:

Main title;

Information about the publication;

Imprint: place of publication, publisher, date of publication;

3.9.6 It is recommended to compile a list of used literature according to the principle of an alphabetical index (in the general alphabet of authors and titles) in the following sequence:

Literature in the languages ​​of peoples using the Latin alphabet.

3.9.7 The objects of compiling a bibliographic reference are also electronic resources of local and remote access. Links are made both to electronic resources as a whole (electronic documents, databases, portals, sites, web pages, forums, etc.) and to components of electronic resources (sections and parts of electronic documents, portals, sites, web -pages, publications in electronic serial publications, messages on forums, etc.).

3.9.9 The note provides the information necessary to search and characterize the technical specifications of the electronic resource. The information is provided in the following sequence: system requirements, information about accessibility restrictions, date of update of the document or part of it, email address, date of access to the document.

3.9.10 Information about system requirements is provided in cases where special software is required to access the document (for example, Adobe Acrobat Reader, PowerPoint, etc.).

3.9.11 If there is information about the date of the last update or revision of the network document, they are indicated in the link, preceded by the appropriate words “Date of update” (“Date of revision”, etc.). The date includes day, month and year.

3.9.12 If it is impossible to determine the date of publication or creation from the screen title page of an electronic remote access resource (network resource), then the earliest and latest dates of creation of the resource that could be identified should be indicated.

3.9.13 For electronic resources of remote access, a note is provided about the access mode, in which it is allowed, instead of the words “Access Mode” (or their equivalent in another language), to use the abbreviation “URL” (Uniform Resource Locator) to denote the electronic address.

Information about the protocol for accessing a network resource (ftp, http, etc.) and its email address are provided in a uniform resource locator format.

Examples of link formatting:

1. Books

Fedotov, and models for constructing empirical production functions / . – St. Petersburg. : St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1997. – 220 p.

Williamson, O. E. The mechanisms of governance/ O. E. Williamson. – New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. – 429 p.

Economics and finance of real estate / [etc.] ; edited by . – St. Petersburg. : St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1999. – 186 p.

Seven notes of management / ed. V. Krasnova, A. Privalov. – Ed. 3rd, add. – M.: Expert Magazine, 1998. – 424 p.

2. Articles, magazines

Kushch, aspects of the development of intercompany networks: Russian experience / , // Russian Journal of Management. − 2004. – T. 2, No. 1. − P. 33-52.

Patokina, O. Privatization in Russia: The search for an efficient model / O. Patokina, I. Baranov // Russian and East European finance and trade. – 1999. – Vol. 35, No. 4. – P. 30-46.

3. Electronic resources

*****: scientific electronic library [Electronic resource]. – M.: Intra-Plus, 1– Access mode: http://www. *****, free.

Reference books on semiconductor devices // [Personal page of V. R. Kozak]/ Institute of Nuclear Physics. [Novosibirsk, 2003]. URL: http://www. inp. nsk. su/%7Ekozak/start. htm (date of access: 03.13.06).

Housing law: current issues of legislation: electron, journal. 2007. No. 1. URL: http://www. ***** (date of access: 08/20/2007).

3.10 Applications

3.10.1 The Appendix is ​​drawn up as a continuation of this document on its subsequent sheets or issued as a separate document.

3.10.2 In the text of the document, links to all applications must be given. Applications are arranged in the order of references to them in the text of the document.

3.10.3 Each application should begin on a new page with the word “Appendix”, its designation and degree at the top center of the page. The application must have a title, which is written symmetrically relative to the text with a capital letter on a separate line.

3.10.4 Applications are designated in capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters E, Z, I, O, CH, L, Y, Ъ. The word “Application” is followed by a letter indicating its sequence.

It is allowed to designate applications using letters of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of the letters I and O.

In the case of full use of the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets, it is allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals.

If a document has one appendix, it is designated “Appendix A.”

3.10.5 The text of each application, if necessary, can be divided into sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, which are numbered within each application. The number is preceded by the designation of this application.

3.10.6 Applications must have continuous page numbering in common with the rest of the document. If necessary, such an application may have “Contents”.

4 SAMPLE STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS

4.1 Milk and dairy products

4.1.1 Sample structure of a desk review

To analyze the state of the milk and dairy products market based on available sources of information, it is necessary to review and analyze the information and structure it into the sections presented in the list below:

Notations and abbreviations

1 Production

1.1 Dynamics of the dairy herd population

1.2 Milk production

1.3 Milk processing and production of dairy products

2 Review of pricing conditions on the Russian market

2.1 Dynamics of raw milk sales prices

2.2 Dynamics of prices for the purchase of dairy raw materials

2.3 Dynamics of prices for dairy products

2.4 Dynamics of consumer prices for dairy products

3 Foreign trade

3.1 Export

3.2 Import

3.3 Customs regulation

4 Overview of the global dairy market

4.1 General trends in the global market for milk and dairy products

4.2 Country overview

5 Trends, forecasts and prospects for industry development

List of sources used

Every year, greenhouse enterprises pay increasing attention to the quality maintenance of the microclimate. Correctly chosen technology for maintaining a microclimate is one of the most important components to increase productivity. And the efficient use of energy resources is an additional opportunity to significantly reduce the cost of manufactured products. A modern automated microclimate control system must support not only the specified mode, but also make the most efficient use of the capabilities of the executive systems.

Microclimate is a complex of meteorological conditions in a room. In greenhouses, it is determined by three main parameters: soil moisture, ambient temperature and the degree of illumination of the internal space.

Soil moisture is the amount of moisture in the soil expressed as a percentage of its weight or volume. The dynamics of changes in soil weight determines water regime soil and has a huge impact both on the course of biological processes in it and on the supply of water to plants and, as a consequence, on the creation of crops. Weight dynamics are characterized by the following properties: moisture capacity (the ability to hold a certain amount of moisture), water permeability (the ability to pass water through), water capacity (the ability to lift water through the hair-like spaces between soil particles), moisture evaporation and hygroscopicity soil. In practice, the soil is called dry if it is not dusty, but when squeezed by hand it seems dry (10-15%); fresh if, when squeezed, it leaves a trace of moisture (20-30%); raw, if at the same time it releases water in drops (31-50%); wet if the soil releases moisture without any pressure. The most favorable soil for cultivating plants (in practice it is identified with fresh soil) is created by proper soil cultivation, snow retention, and irrigation. A distinction is made between absolute (in % of its mass) and relative (the ratio of absolute humidity to the field moisture capacity of the soil, %) humidity. Absolute soil moisture is determined after weighing its samples (in aluminum cans) in a wet and dry state (after drying at 105 - 110 ° to constant weight) according to the formula.

The process of photosynthesis is the most important factor in plant life. The growth rate and yield depend on it. The source of energy for photosynthesis is light, therefore, when starting to assemble a protected ground greenhouse, you need to think about its optimal location, allowing you to use natural light as efficiently as possible. There are natural and artificial lighting. Natural is lighting during the day with sunlight, and artificial is lighting with artificial light sources in the dark, or when there is insufficient sunlight. The intensity of light falling on a certain plane is measured in the unit “lux”. In summer, at sunny noon, the light intensity in our latitudes reaches 100,000 lux. In the afternoon, the light brightness decreases to 25,000 lux. The minimum amount of light each plant requires to survive is approximately 500 lux. In weaker light it will inevitably die. For normal life and growth, even unpretentious plants with little need for light need at least 800 lux.

The average temperature in the greenhouse should be from +16 to 25 degrees, and at night should drop by no more than 5-8 degrees. Temperatures below normal will slow down the growth rate of plants, and higher temperatures are unfavorable - after all, they stimulate the growth of green mass, which will immediately affect the yield of plants and the quality of the fruits themselves in the greenhouse. Literally 1-2 extra degrees of heat - more than half of the plants begin to wither. During the day, depending on the type of vegetables, the optimal temperature for the greenhouse is 16-25°C, but at night it is 4-8°C less. In addition, the rate of plant growth is directly proportional to temperature, and an increase in temperature by 10 degrees accordingly increases the rate of growth itself. But it is important to remember that an excessive increase in temperature (for example, over 40 degrees) can cause oppression and death of greenery. For the soil, the optimal temperature is 14-25°C, but reducing it to 10°C will lead to phosphorus starvation of plants. But an increase to 25-28°C can, in turn, make it difficult for the roots to absorb moisture, which is why plants can wither from drought even in fairly moist soil.

All these points, very important for any plant and any gardener, are quite difficult to keep track of yourself. In such cases, devices such as my sensor come to the rescue.

Currently, active modernization of greenhouses is underway, associated with an increase in the number of executive systems: separation of circuits, modernization of vent ventilation, installation of curtain systems, installation of fans. And the more executive systems a greenhouse has, the more important it is for it to choose the criterion that determines the strategy for maintaining the microclimate. For example, one of the most popular management criteria is saving heat resources. In this case, it is more advisable to actively use the lower heating circuits, because they give off the least amount of heat to the external environment. Another approach to choosing a criterion involves maintaining the temperature at the growth point higher than at the roots of the plant and thus implies the active use of upper heating circuits. Another control criterion is based on the fact that the lower circuit must maintain a constant temperature in the root zone, the so-called optimum, and only deviate from it when the resources of other executive systems are exhausted.

Experience in implementing automated control systems shows that at the system design stage it is quite difficult to select a single control criterion. Therefore, in the control system it must be possible to quickly set a criterion during operation, and the methods for setting it must clearly reflect the agronomic, economic and thermal requirements for the system.

Thus, a modern control system should make it possible to set not only one of the above control criteria or a combination of them, but also any other that arises during the production process, providing the agronomist-technologist with ample opportunities in choosing a method for maintaining temperature and humidity conditions in the greenhouse.

Active analytical work to accumulate a large amount of material on methodologies for selecting control criteria. Based on this material, the system developers modernized the software, making it possible to set almost any microclimate maintenance strategy in a convenient tabular and graphical form. Based on this table, the computer makes a decision on the distribution of control actions among the executive systems.

An analytical review is a condensed presentation of the content of primary sources by identifying the main factual information and conclusions. Analytical material is created on the basis of books, official documents, as well as publications in newspapers and magazines. The requirements for this type of work are strict, consisting in the need to present systematized information in a compressed form.

Stages of work:

1. Studying literature and selecting factual material.
2. Drawing up a plan that helps to clearly understand the sequence of presentation of information, its structure, the degree of overload or insufficient coverage of sections, the possibility of refusing certain questions, and identifying errors in the construction of the text.
3. The title must be formulated. Compliance with the referenced sources is not necessary, since an analytical review of the topic is created on the basis of several domestic and foreign publications.
4. It is required to follow the accepted writing scheme:

• subject;
• subject (object);
• nature, purpose of publication;
• method of doing the work.

The elements of information retrieval language, that is, keywords (if necessary), are placed at the beginning. Their maximum number is 15 words or phrases that can most accurately reflect the essence of the publication. The need for this stage is due to the need to search for analytical material in an automated information system. The format of the keywords is nominative case, capital letters, separated by commas.

The text itself should begin with an indication of the essence of the issue, followed by the disclosure of certain or special aspects.

It is acceptable to describe the methods of carrying out the work if they are interesting within the scope of the review topic. Methods whose popularity is beyond doubt are only indicated.

The indication of specific data is accompanied by an indication of the source, nature of receipt and processing.

Studying a publication in a foreign language and presenting the material must be accompanied by the use of the original language in relation to surnames, names of institutions, organizations, firms, as well as products and other proper names.

Use of standard terminology is required. If unusual symbols and terms are used in the review text, clarifications must be made at the stage of initial mention.

It is allowed to use abbreviations and generally accepted text abbreviations that do not change the meaning of the context.

The use of formulas is due to the impossibility of any other way of conveying the content.

In the analytical review, the use of illustrations and tables is permitted to help reveal the content and compress the text material.

The volume of the analytical review varies depending on the type of materials being reviewed (500-2500 or more printed characters).

Writing analytical reviews belongs to the category of a special branch of writing, within which the author demonstrates the ability to penetrate to the essence of the issue, quickly find and analyze the texts of domestic and foreign publications, and carry out a critical synthesis of material taken from various sources. And all this is subject to the criteria of importance, novelty and simplicity of presentation. A review that becomes the basis of a book or textbook is considered successful, while unsuccessful analytical reviews remain unclaimed. In order for an analytical review of domestic and foreign publications on the topic of dissertation work to be considered successful, the author will either have to put in a lot of effort and energy, or seek professional help from the staff

1. Scientific analytical review: essence and distinctive features 2. Stages of preparing a scientific analytical review 3. Algorithm for preparing a microreview

1. Blumenau, D. I. Information analysis/synthesis for the formation of a secondary flow of documents / D. I. Blumenau. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Profession”, 2002. – 240 p. 2. Brezhneva, V.V. Information services: products and services provided by libraries and information services of enterprises: educational and practical guide / V.V. Brezhneva, V.A. Minkina. – St. Petersburg: Profession, 2004. – 303 p. 3. Gendina, N. I. Formation of personal information culture in libraries and educational institutions: educational method. allowance / N. I. Gendina, N. I. Kolkova, G. A. Starodubova, I. L. Skipor. – 2nd ed. , processed – M.: School Library, 2003. – 296 p. 4. Genres of information literature: review, abstract [Text] / A. A. Grechikhin, I. P. Zdorov, V. I. Solovyov. – M.: Book, 1983. – 320 p. 5. Directory of information worker / scientific. ed. R. S. Gilyarevsky, V. A. Minkina. – St. Petersburg. : Profession, 2005. – P. 522 – 527.

Definition of the concept “review” A review is a text message containing a summary description of any issue or series of issues, based on the use of information extracted from a certain set of documents selected for this purpose over a certain time. Information Worker's Handbook, p. 335.

Definition of the concept of “scientific analytical reviews” Scientific analytical reviews are reviews containing a comprehensive analysis of the primary documents (PD) under consideration, their critical, reasoned assessment and reasonable recommendations on the substance of the issues under study. They represent an integral part of dissertations, monographs, and scientific articles.

Scientific-analytical review: presentation form and structure Forms of presentation: Independent document Component of an article, monograph, report, etc. Elements of the formal (external) structure of the review as an independent document: 1. Cover 2. Title page 3. Table of contents 4. Text review with chapter and paragraph titles in bold 5. References 6. Appendices 7. List of abbreviations

Requirements for analytical reviews b Completeness of coverage of sources. This is achieved by reflecting all existing views on the issue (topic) being analyzed, regardless of the point of view of the author of the review. b Reliability and accuracy of information. It manifests itself in the presence of bibliographic references pointing to the analyzed primary sources. b Critical assessment of the analyzed publications. Reflected in the clearly expressed scientific position of the author of the review.

Distinctive features of reviews: b Set (set) of documents to be analyzed; b Clarity of the object of analysis and synthesis of information – clarity of formulation of the topic of the review; ь Determination of the time period; ь Systematization of information; ь Generalization of information; ь The presence of the review author’s own judgments and conclusions, obtained as a result of logical analysis and synthesis of information contained in primary source documents; ь Availability of bibliographic references and citations, which is due to the requirement of completeness and reliability of information. With the help of bibliographic references, the author of the review demonstrates knowledge of sources on the topic of the review, their completeness and diversity; Using quotes, he argues for the positions put forward in the review.

The main stages of preparing a scientific and analytical review 1. Clarification of the thematic boundaries of the review (structural semantic analysis of the review topic); 2. Search for information; 3. Analysis of primary documents on the topic of the review; 4. Construction of a review plan; 5. Grouping materials in accordance with the plan; 6. Compilation of the review text (information synthesis); 7. Editing and design of the review text.

Key logical knowledge and skills for preparing analytical reviews Logical category Know Be able to Concept Relationships between concepts Distinguish correctly constructed definitions from incorrect ones Formulate definitions of concepts Identify essential features of concepts Compare concepts based on similarities and differences Logical techniques for forming concepts: analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization Carry out analysis and synthesis of objects Compare objects based on common and distinctive features Identify essential features of objects and abstract from non-essential ones Combine homogeneous objects into a certain class Classification Rules for constructing a classification Carry out classification of objects Find errors in existing classifications of objects Judgment Types of judgments and rules for their construction Construct various types of judgments according to the profile of the specialty Find errors in incorrectly constructed judgments Inference The essence and types of inferences Use inductive and deductive conclusions when solving professional problems Argumentation Types of evidence and rules of evidential reasoning and refutation Construct direct and indirect evidence Construct a refutation Find and eliminate errors in evidence and refutation

0. Clarification of the thematic boundaries of the review (structural semantic analysis of the review topic). Search for sources of information 1. Introductory reading 2. Analysis of the text 3. Titles of text fragments 4. Drawing up a plan 5. Grouping text fragments in accordance with the plan 6. Summarizing information: analysis results and conclusions 7. Editing and formatting the review text.

4. 1. Identify the fragment on the basis of which the “Introduction” will be built. 4. 2. Summarize the information contained in it, and use a “linking sentence” to include it in the “Introduction” block. 4. 3. Determine the purpose of the microreview. 4. 4. Form a coherent text of the “Introduction”.

10. 1. Indicate the main sources of information that served as the object of analysis, as well as the chronological period characterizing them. For example: The object of analysis in preparing the microreview was ..., ..., ... and ... publications, including both traditional and ..., dedicated to ... for ... years.

10. 2. List all the operations performed in preparing the microreview. For example: A microreview was obtained as a result of performing the following operations: searching for information, ..., ..., ... and compiling a coherent microreview text.