Alexander Tvardovsky brothers. Alexander Tvardovsky - biography, information, personal life

Alexander Tvardovsky’s poetic work “Brothers” can be called autobiographical, because from the first to the last line it is dedicated to family, bright and kind memories from childhood.

The poet does not touch upon the events that occurred in his life after 1931. It was then that Tvardovsky’s family fell under dispossession. That cozy and dear farm, which was so hard acquired by Tvardovsky’s father, was dismantled log by log and turned into an abandoned plain. Due to the fact that Alexander Trifonovich already lived in Smolensk in 1931 and tried to conduct literary activities, his relatives were not subjected to severe repression. However, life after dispossession was not easy, because the sons of the elder Tvardovsky had to start all over again, with a completely clean slate.

In his poem “Brothers,” Alexander Trifonovich recalls those carefree years of life when he was still a child. Together with his family, he worked on the land every day, tried to imitate his father and listened carefully to everything that he told him. The father tried to instill in his sons a love of work, of physical work, which would ultimately bring a worthy result.

However, this knowledge was never useful to the boys. Tvardovsky recalls those moments with a smile and joy, which are simultaneously accompanied by longing and sadness for the old days.

Childhood is the most carefree time a person has. It is in childhood that we experience the most wonderful events that remain in our memory forever. The poet dreams of stopping time at least for one moment and returning to the past, to his native and cozy home. But these are impossible dreams! Tvardovsky can only ask one question: how and where does his brother live?

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. Born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the Zagorye farmstead (now Smolensk region) - died on December 18, 1971 in the village of Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow region. Russian Soviet writer, poet, journalist.

Alexander Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21 according to the new style) June 1910 in the Zagorye farmstead near the village of Seltso. Now this is the Smolensk region of Russia.

Father - Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky (1880-1957), blacksmith.

Mother - Maria Mitrofanovna Tvardovskaya (nee Pleskachevskaya) (1888-1972), came from odnodvortsy (military landowners who lived on the outskirts of the Russian Empire and guarded the borderlands).

Younger brother - Ivan Trifonovich Tvardovsky (1914-2003), Russian writer and writer, cabinetmaker, wood and bone carver, dissident.

He also had brothers Konstantin (1908-2002), Pavel (1917-1983), Vasily (1925-1954) and sisters Anna (1912-2000), Maria (1922-1984).

Grandfather - Gordey Tvardovsky, was a bombardier (artillery soldier) who served in Poland, from where he brought the nickname “Pan Tvardovsky”, which passed on to his son. This nickname, which in reality is not associated with noble origin, forced Trifon Gordeevich to perceive himself more as a fellow nobleman than a peasant.

About the place of his birth, Tvardovsky wrote: “This land - ten and a little dessiatines - all in small swamps and all overgrown with willow, spruce, and birch trees, was in every sense unenviable. But for his father, who was the only son of a landless soldier and many years of hard work as a blacksmith earned the amount necessary for the first contribution to the bank, this land was dear to holiness. From a very young age, he instilled in us, children, love and respect for this sour, stingy, but our land - our “estate”, both as a joke and not he called his farm as a joke."

As Alexander Trifonovich recalled, his father loved to read, which he also taught him to do. In their peasant house in the evenings they read aloud Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy, Nikitin, Ershov and other classics of Russian literature.

From an early age he began to compose poetry - even when he could not read or write.

At the age of 15, Tvardovsky began writing small notes for Smolensk newspapers, and then, having collected several poems, brought them to Mikhail Isakovsky, who worked in the editorial office of the Rabochiy Put newspaper. Isakovsky greeted the poet warmly, becoming a friend and mentor of the young Tvardovsky. In 1931, his first poem, “The Path to Socialism,” was published.

In 1935, in Smolensk, at the Western Regional State Publishing House, the first book, “Collection of Poems” (1930-1936), was published.

He studied at the Pedagogical Institute in Smolensk, which he dropped out of in the 3rd year. In the fall of 1936, he began studying at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature, graduating in 1939.

In 1939-1940, as part of a group of writers, Tvardovsky worked in the newspaper of the Leningrad Military District “On Guard of the Motherland.” On November 30, 1939, Tvardovsky’s poem “The Hour Has Come” was published in the newspaper.

In 1939, Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army and participated in the liberation of Western Belarus. During the outbreak of the war with Finland, Tvardovsky received an officer rank and served as a special correspondent for a military newspaper.

The poem “At a Halt” was published in the newspaper “On Guard of the Motherland” on December 11, 1939. In the article “How “Vasily Terkin” was written,” A. Tvardovsky reported that the image of the main character was invented in 1939 for a permanent humorous column in the newspaper “On Guard of the Motherland.”

In the poems “The Path to Socialism” (1931) and “The Country of Ant” (1934-1936), he depicted collectivization and dreams of a “new” village, as well as Stalin riding a horse as a harbinger of a bright future. Despite the fact that Tvardovsky’s parents, along with his brothers, were dispossessed and exiled, and his farm was burned by fellow villagers, he himself supported the collectivization of peasant farms. At one time, the parents were in exile in Russky-Turek, where Tvardovsky himself came.

Poem "Vasily Terkin"

In 1941-1942 he worked in Voronezh in the editorial office of the newspaper of the Southwestern Front "Red Army". Poem "Vasily Terkin"(1941-1945), “a book about a fighter without beginning and end” is Tvardovsky’s most famous work. This is a chain of episodes from the Great Patriotic War. The poem is distinguished by a simple and precise syllable and energetic development of action. The episodes are connected to each other only by the main character - the author proceeded from the fact that both he and his reader could die at any moment. As the chapters were written, they were published in the Western Front newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda and were incredibly popular on the front line.

The poet himself subsequently told the story of the appearance of Vasily Terkin: “But the fact is that he was conceived and invented not only by me, but by many people, including writers, and most of all not by writers and, to a large extent, by my correspondents themselves. They actively participated in the creation of Terkin, from its first chapter to the completion of the book, and to this day continue to develop this image in various forms and directions.

I explain this in order to consider the second question, which is posed in an even more significant part of the letters - the question: how was “Vasily Terkin” written? Where did this book come from? What served as the material for it and what was the starting point? Wasn't the author himself one of the Terkins? This is asked not only by ordinary readers, but also by people specially involved in the subject of literature: graduate students who took “Vasily Terkin” as the theme of their works, literature teachers, literary scholars and critics, librarians, lecturers, etc. I’ll try to talk about what How “Terkin” was “formed”.

“Vasily Terkin,” I repeat, has been known to the reader, primarily the army, since 1942. But “Vasya Terkin” has been known since 1939-1940 - from the period of the Finnish campaign. At that time, a group of writers and poets worked in the newspaper of the Leningrad Military District “On Guard of the Motherland”: N. Tikhonov, V. Sayanov, A. Shcherbakov, S. Vashentsev, Ts. Solodar and the one writing these lines. Once, discussing with the editorial staff the tasks and nature of our work in a military newspaper, we decided that we needed to start something like a “humor corner” or a weekly collective feuilleton, where there would be poems and pictures.

This idea was not an innovation in the army press. Following the model of the propaganda work of D. Bedny and V. Mayakovsky in the post-revolutionary years, newspapers had a tradition of printing satirical pictures with poetic captions, ditties, feuilletons with continuations with the usual heading - “At leisure”, “Under the Red Army accordion”, etc. There There were sometimes conventional characters moving from one feuilleton to another, like some merry chef, and characteristic pseudonyms, like Uncle Sysoy, Grandfather Yegor, Machine Gunner Vanya, Sniper and others. In my youth, in Smolensk, I was involved in similar literary work in the district “Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda” and other newspapers.”

The poem “Vasily Terkin” became one of the attributes of front-line life, as a result of which Tvardovsky became a cult author of the war generation.

Among other things, “Vasily Terkin” stands out among other works of that time by the complete absence of ideological propaganda and references to Stalin and the party.

By order of the Armed Forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front No. 505 dated: 07/31/1944, the poet of the editorial office of the newspaper of the 3rd Charity Fund "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda", Lieutenant Colonel A. Tvardovsky was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, for writing 2 poems (one of them - “Vasily Terkin”, the second - “House by the Road”) and numerous essays about the liberation of the Belarusian land, as well as speeches in front-line units in front of soldiers and officers.

By order of the Armed Forces of the 3rd Belorussian Front No.: 480 dated: 04/30/1945, the special correspondent of the newspaper of the 3rd Charitable Fleet "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda", Lieutenant Colonel A. Tvardovsky, was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, for improving the content of the newspaper (writing essays about battles in East Prussia) and increasing its educational role.

In 1946, the poem “House by the Road” was written, which mentions the first tragic months of the Great Patriotic War.

In collaboration with M. Isakovsky, A. Surkov and N. Gribachev, he wrote the poem “The Word of Soviet Writers to Comrade Stalin,” read at a ceremonial meeting on the occasion of J. V. Stalin’s seventieth birthday at the Bolshoi Theater on December 21, 1949.

The new direction of the magazine (liberalism in art, ideology and economics, hiding behind words about socialism “with a human face”) aroused discontent not so much among the Khrushchev-Brezhnev party elite and officials in ideological departments, but rather among the so-called “neo-Stalinist power holders” in Soviet literature.

For several years, there was a sharp literary (and, in fact, ideological) polemic between the magazines “New World” and “October” (editor-in-chief V. A. Kochetov, author of the novel “What Do You Want?”, directed, among other things, against Tvardovsky). “Sovereign patriots” also expressed their persistent ideological rejection of the magazine.

After Khrushchev was removed from senior positions in the press (Ogonyok magazine, Socialist Industry newspaper), a campaign was carried out against the New World magazine. Glavlit waged a fierce struggle with the magazine, systematically not allowing the most important materials to be published. Since the leadership of the Writers' Union did not dare to formally dismiss Tvardovsky, the last measure of pressure on the magazine was the removal of Tvardovsky's deputies and the appointment of people hostile to him to these positions.

In February 1970, Tvardovsky was forced to resign as editor, and part of the magazine’s staff followed his example. The editorial office was essentially destroyed. The KGB note “Materials on the mood of the poet A. Tvardovsky” was sent on September 7, 1970 to the CPSU Central Committee.

In the "New World" ideological liberalism was combined with aesthetic traditionalism. Tvardovsky had a cold attitude towards modernist prose and poetry, preferring literature developing in the classical forms of realism. Many of the greatest writers of the 1960s were published in the magazine, and the magazine exposed many to the reader. For example, in 1964, a large selection of poems by the Voronezh poet Alexei Prasolov was published in the August issue.

Soon after the defeat of the New World, Tvardovsky was diagnosed with lung cancer. The writer died on December 18, 1971 in the holiday village of Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow region. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site No. 7).

In Smolensk, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Balashikha and Moscow, streets are named after Tvardovsky. Moscow school No. 279 was named after Tvardovsky. An Aeroflot aircraft, Airbus A330-343E VQ-BEK, was named in honor of A. Tvardovsky.

In 1988, the memorial museum-estate “A. T. Tvardovsky on the Zagorye farm.” On June 22, 2013, a monument to Tvardovsky was unveiled on Strastnoy Boulevard in Moscow, next to the editorial office of the Novy Mir magazine. The authors are People's Artist of Russia Vladimir Surovtsev and Honored Architect of Russia Viktor Pasenko. At the same time, there was an incident: on the granite of the monument it was engraved “with the participation of the Ministry of Culture” with the second letter “t” missing.

In 2015, a memorial plaque was unveiled in Russian Turek in honor of Tvardovsky’s visit to the village.

Alexander Tvardovsky. Three lives of a poet

Alexander Tvardovsky's height: 177 centimeters.

Personal life of Alexander Tvardovsky:

He was married to Maria Illarionovna Gorelova (1908-1991).

Alexander Tvardovsky lived with his wife Maria Illarionovna for more than 40 years. She became for him not only his wife, but also a true friend and ally who devoted her entire life to him. Maria Illarionovna reprinted his works many times, visited the editorial offices, and supported him in moments of despair and depression. In the letters published by Maria Illarionovna after the poet’s death, it is clear how often he resorts to her advice, how much he needs her support. “You are my only hope and support,” Alexander Trifonovich wrote to her from the front.

The marriage produced two daughters: Valentina (born 1931), graduated from Moscow State University in 1954, became a Doctor of Historical Sciences; Olga (born 1941), graduated from the V.I. Art Institute in 1963. Surikov, became a theater and film artist.

They also had a son, Alexander, in 1937, but in the summer of 1938 he fell ill with diphtheria and died.

Maria Illarionovna - wife of Alexander Tvardovsky

Bibliography of Alexander Tvardovsky:

Poems:

1931 - “The Path to Socialism”
1934-1936 - “Ant Country”
1941-1945 - “Vasily Terkin”
1946 - “House by the Road”
1953-1960 - “Beyond the distance - the distance”
1960s - "By Right of Memory" (published 1987)
1960s - “Torkin in the next world”

Prose:

1932 - “The Chairman’s Diary”
1947 - “Motherland and Foreign Land”

Poems:

Vasily Terkin: 1. From the author
Vasily Terkin: 2. At a halt
Vasily Terkin: 3. Before the fight
Vasily Terkin: 4. Crossing
Vasily Terkin: 5. About the war
Vasily Terkin: 6. Terkin is wounded
Vasily Terkin: 7. About the award
Vasily Terkin: 8. Harmon
Vasily Terkin: 9. Two soldiers
Vasily Terkin: 10. About loss
Vasily Terkin: 11. Fight
Vasily Terkin: 12. From the author
Vasily Terkin: 13. “Who shot?”
Vasily Terkin: 14. About the hero
Vasily Terkin: 15. General
Vasily Terkin: 16. About myself
Vasily Terkin: 17. Fight in the swamp
Vasily Terkin: 18. About love
Vasily Terkin: 19. Terkin's rest
Vasily Terkin: 20. On the offensive
Vasily Terkin: 21. Death and the Warrior
Army shoemaker
Ballad of a Comrade
Ballad of Renunciation
Big summer
A barefoot boy in a cap...
In a field dug with streams...
In Smolensk
On the day the war ended...
Beyond Vyazma
About Danila
The whole point is in one single covenant...
Song (Don't rush, bride...)
To the partisans of the Smolensk region
Before the war, as if as a sign of trouble...
Before the road
Two lines
Trip to Zagorje
Fighter's House
The stitch tracks have become overgrown...
The torn base of the monument is being crushed...
Inviting guests
There are names and there are dates...
Confession
Why talk about...
About the calf
To my fellow countryman
Conversation with Padun
Ivan Gromak
spat
When you pass the path of the columns...
Peers
White birch trees were spinning...
According to the old lady
Lenin and the stove maker
Thank you, my dear...
We haven't lived long in the world...
Pochinok station
At the bottom of my life...
You are a fool, death: you threaten people...
Reward
Where are you from this song...
Father and son
I was killed near Rzhev
The path not taken...
You timidly lift him up...
Fire
I go and rejoice. It's easy for me...
Mute
Near the Dnieper
No, life has not deprived me...
At the glorious grave
Overnight
The hour of dawn rise...
November
Chkalov
About the starling
I know it's not my fault...

Screen adaptations of works by Alexander Tvardovsky:

1973 - Vasily Terkin (feature film in the genre of literary and stage composition)
1979 - Vasily Terkin (concert film)
2003 - Vasily Terkin (animated documentary film)

“Whoever jealously hides the past is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.”, - said Tvardovsky.

"Brothers" Alexander Tvardovsky

About seventeen years ago
We were small kids.
We loved our farm
Your own garden
Your own well
Your own spruce tree and cones.

Father, loving us by the grasp,
He called them not children, but sons.
He planted us on both sides of himself
And he talked to us about life.

- Well, sons?
What, sons?
How are you, sons?
And we sat with our chests out,
I'm on the one hand
Brother on the other hand
Like big, married people.

But in his barn at night
The two of us fell asleep timidly.
A lonely grasshopper was screeching,
And the hot hay rustled...

We used to be baskets of mushrooms,
They wore them white from the rain.
We ate acorns from our oak trees -
When I was a child, acorns were delicious!..

About seventeen years ago
We loved and knew each other.
What are you doing, brother?
How are you brother?
Where are you, brother?
On which White Sea Canal?

Analysis of Tvardovsky’s poem “Brothers”

Alexander Tvardovsky was born on a small Smolensk farm, which was acquired with great difficulty by his father, a retired military man, long before the revolution. However, after the change of power, widespread dispossession of wealthy peasants began, among whom the family of the young poet was included. By this time, Alexander Tvardovsky himself had already moved to Smolensk, where he successfully collaborated with various newspapers as a journalist and even tried to publish his poems. Therefore, repressions against his family did not affect him. However, the poet’s brothers had a hard time, since they lost their father’s house and were forced to start life from scratch, in a new place.

The Tvardovsky family was dispossessed in 1931, and in the summer of 1939 the poet published the poem “Brothers,” which is autobiographical and dedicated to the carefree period of childhood. The author deliberately does not touch on the topic of repression, which is painful for him, although he knows very well that the family estate, so dear and beloved, has already been dismantled log by log, and the farm itself has been turned into a wasteland. It is much more gratifying for the poet to remember an earlier period, when the whole family still lived under one roof and worked in order to live in prosperity, which Tvardovsky the father so dreamed of. Addressing his brothers, the poet notes that many years ago “we were little kids. We loved our farm, our garden,” we knew every nook, every blade of grass, and every tree in our native land. Tvardovsky is pleased to remember that his father treated his sons as adults, instilling in them a sense of generational continuity. After all, it was these foolish boys who were destined to eventually become the owners of this small piece of land, which the family inherited with sweat and blood. Then no one could have imagined that their father’s science would not be useful to the children, and they would not be destined to turn into plowmen. But memories of this happy time, when the family lived a calm and measured life, still evoke in the poet’s soul a feeling of aching joy mixed with melancholy. He remembers how, together with his brother, “in our barn at night, the two of us fell asleep timidly.” And there was nothing sweeter than the song of a lonely grasshopper in the pre-dawn hour and the rustle of dry hay, hot and fragrant.

Tvardovsky sincerely wants to go back in time, at least for a moment, to feel like a child again, happy and carefree. But he can only mentally allow himself to turn to the person closest to him, asking the question: “How are you, brother? Where are you, brother? On which White Sea Canal?

During the lesson, students will become familiar with the text of A.T.’s poem. Tvardovsky “Brothers”, learn the history of its creation; will receive information about the tragic fate of the Tvardovsky family and his brother Ivan; will come into contact with the terrible realities of the Stalin era.

Topic: From the literature of the twentieth century

Lesson: Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Brothers"

The poem "Brothers" is autobiographical. In it A.T. Tvardovsky remembers the farm where he spent his childhood: his father, brother Ivan, with whom he was connected by friendship (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Photo. The Tvardovsky family (Alexander - far right; Ivan - on a bicycle) ()

BROTHERS

About seventeen years ago

We were small kids.

We loved our farm

Your own garden

Your own well

Your own spruce tree and cones.

Father, loving us by the grasp,

He called them not children, but sons.

He planted us on both sides of himself

And he talked to us about life.

Well, sons?

What, sons?

How are you, sons?

And we sat with our chests out,

I'm on the one hand

Brother on the other hand

Like big, married people.

But in his barn at night

The two of us fell asleep timidly.

A lonely grasshopper was screeching,

And the hot hay rustled...

We used to be baskets of mushrooms,

They wore them white from the rain.

We ate acorns from our oak trees -

When I was a child, acorns were delicious!..

About seventeen years ago

We loved and knew each other.

What are you doing, brother?

How are you brother?

Where are you, brother?

On which White Sea Canal?

Rice. 2. Photo. Farm Zagorye. The poet's homeland ()

The poem “Brothers” is imbued with touching sadness and memories of childhood. And even if it was not financially prosperous, because the brothers had to sleep in the barn, they ate mushrooms and acorns. But still, that time was the most wonderful time in Tvardovsky’s life. After all, the father was alive then, and next to him was his brother, with whom the poet was inseparable. And even in childhood, everything seems brighter, more interesting, and even acorns were tastier in childhood.

The poet remembers his father with great love. Indeed, his role in the development of the future poet was enormous. Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky was a blacksmith, but he was literate and even well-read. Books were not uncommon in the house. From an early age, children knew the works of Gogol, Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov.

In the poem, Tvardovsky gratefully recalls conversations with his father about life. At such moments, the brothers felt that they were loved and worried about them. Of course, such moments were rare. After all, the father had to work hard to feed his large family. But the brothers were inseparable.

The difference between Alexander and Ivan was insignificant - 4 years. However, for Ivan, who was younger, this difference turned out to be fatal.

On March 19, 1931, the Tvardovsky family was dispossessed and exiled to Siberia. At that time, Alexander Tvardovsky lived in Smolensk and began his poetic career. The 21-year-old poet could do nothing to help the family. From that day on, the brothers' fates diverged.

Rice. 3. I.T. Tvardovsky ()

In 1983, Ivan Trifonovich Tvardovsky (Fig. 3) published a documentary story “On the Zagorye Farm,” in which he told the story of his family. This story became the testimony of a man who was repressed, went through camps, participated in the Great Patriotic War and was captured, and then again in camps and exile. His life became a reflection of the sad fate of a man of the Stalin era.

In the poem “Brothers,” A. Tvardovsky speaks with pain about the tragic fate of his brother.

What are you doing, brother?

How are you brother?

Where are you, brother?

On which White Sea Canal?

Rice. 4. Photo. A.T. Tvardovsky ()

Tvardovsky himself did not know exactly where his brother was, since correspondence with the repressed was prohibited. He assumes that Ivan is at the construction of the White Sea Canal, since it was known that it was laid by political prisoners.

The poem "Brothers" was written in 1933. It is known that after the dispossession of the family, the poet was offered to abandon it. However, Tvardovsky not only did not make a deal with his conscience, but also wrote a poem in which he openly expressed his love for his loved ones and his worries for them. All the work of the poet A.T. was so sincere and humane. Tvardovsky.

Bibliography

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