A funny incident from life. Topic: “Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories” - Document Practical work dependence of the location of large landforms

Practical work No. 3

Subject:“Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories.”
Objectives: establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps and explain identified patterns; Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.

^ Work progress

1. After comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures the indicated landforms correspond to. Draw a conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the identified pattern.

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Landforms	Prevailing altitudes	Tectonic structures underlying the territory	Conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust
the East European Plain
Central Russian Upland
West Siberian Lowland
Caucasus
Ural Mountains
Verkhoyansk ridge
Sikhote-Alin

3. Using the map of the atlas “Tectonics and Mineral Resources”, determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.

4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

5. Which of them are found on platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

7. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

^ Practical work No. 4

Subject:“Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance. Identification of features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, annual precipitation throughout the country.”
^ Objectives of the work: determine patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the identified patterns; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation throughout the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
^ Work progress

1. 
   Look at Figure 31 on page 59 in your textbook. How are the total solar radiation values ​​shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
2. 
   Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

1. 
   Conclude what pattern is visible in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.
2. 
   Look at Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest temperatures in January? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
3. 
   Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.
4. 
   Look at Figure 36 on page 65 in your textbook. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine which areas of the country have the lowest July temperatures and which have the highest. What are they equal to?
5. 
   Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.
6. 
   Look at Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most rainfall occur? Where is the least?
7. 
   Conclude which climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Question: Please help me with practical work!! explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust. Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; rocks of what age make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what forms of relief were created by one or another process; their placement; what minerals there are in a given territory; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.

Please help me with practical work!! explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust. Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; rocks of what age make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what forms of relief were created by one or another process; their placement; what minerals there are in a given territory; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.

Answers:

Russian Plain (East European) a) Relief: Gently flat relief prevails almost throughout its entire length. b) Geological structure: The plain is located on the West Siberian plate, which explains its flat relief. c) Minerals: Iron ores. Western -Siberian Plaina) Relief: The plain has an extremely flat topography with heights of no more than 100 m above sea level. b) Geological structure: At the base of the plain lies the West Siberian Plate. c) Minerals: Iron ore, nickel, coal, chromites, bauxites ,cobalt.

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Processes that form the relief. It would be a mistake to assume that only the formation of tectonic structures in the distant geological past influenced the appearance of the modern relief. Like all other components of nature, terrain is constantly changing. Even in such stable areas of the earth's crust as platforms, there is a constant change in surface shape.

Modern relief-forming processes can be divided into two groups: internal (endogenous), caused by movements of the earth's crust (they are called neotectonic or recent), and external (exogenous).

The latest tectonic movements of the earth's crust can manifest themselves both in the mountains and in flat platform areas. In areas of ancient folded structures, where the earth's crust has lost its plasticity, become rigid and rocks have lost the ability to bend into folds, powerful faults and faults have formed under the influence of recent tectonic movements. They divided the territory into monolithic blocks: some of them rose in the form of revived high ridges, others sank, forming intermountain depressions. The latest uplifts are occurring in the Caucasus, with the amplitude of movements reaching several centimeters per year.

Exogenous processes that shape modern relief are associated primarily with the activity of flowing waters, primarily rivers and glaciers, as well as with the peculiarities of climatic conditions. This is, for example, the relief created by permafrost processes.

Ancient glaciation in Russia. During the Quaternary period, due to changes in climatic conditions, several glaciations occurred in many regions of the Earth. The largest of them was the so-called Dnieper. The centers of glaciation in Eurasia were the mountains of Scandinavia, the Polar Urals, the Putorana Plateau in the north of the Central Siberian Plateau and the Byrranga Mountains on the Taimyr Peninsula. From here the ice spread to other territories.

Rice. 23. Ancient glaciation

Using Figure 23, determine the southern limit of the distribution of glaciation. Which areas of our country experienced the greatest influence of the glacier?

As the glacier moved south, the Earth's surface changed greatly. Stones (boulders) and loose sediments (sand, clay, crushed stone) moved from the center of glaciation along with the ice. On its way, the glacier smoothed the rocks, leaving deep scratches on them. In the warmer climates of the south, the glacier melted, depositing the material it brought with it. Loose clay-boulder glacial deposits are called moraine. Moraine hilly-ridge relief prevails on the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands of the Russian Plain.

Which landforms predominate in the center of the glaciation, and which in more southern areas where the ice melted?

When the glacier melted, huge masses of water formed, which transported and deposited sandy material, leveling the surface. This is how water-glacial plains were created along the outskirts of the glacier. In the northern regions, melted glacial waters filled depressions deepened by the glacier in solid crystalline rocks. This is how numerous lakes were formed in the north-west of the Russian Plain.

Activity of flowing waters. The land surface is constantly exposed to flowing waters - rivers, groundwater, temporary watercourses associated with precipitation. The activity of flowing waters is especially enhanced in areas with significant slopes and large amounts of precipitation. Therefore, in many mountainous areas, water-erosive terrain predominates.

Flowing waters not only dissect the surface, creating gorges, ravines, hollows, but also deposit destruction products in river valleys, in foothill areas and on gentle mountain slopes.

Rice. 24. Glacial landforms

Wind activity. Where there is little precipitation, wind plays a leading role in changing the topography. Wind activity in the European part of Russia is especially evident in the regions of the Caspian lowland.

Where sands are widespread, the wind creates an aeolian relief with dunes, as, for example, on the Curonian Spit on the Baltic Sea coast near the city of Kaliningrad.

Human activity. Academician V.I. Vernadsky noted that human activity in mining turned it into a serious relief-forming factor.

Rice. 25. Anthropogenic impacts on the relief

Thus, with the open method of mining, huge quarries and pits are created, and the entire area takes on an eerie, fantastic look. People build canals, dams, and railway tunnels, moving huge masses of soil. All this leads to the acceleration of relief-forming processes. Moreover, they are often accompanied by adverse consequences for humans: landslides and collapses form, large areas of fertile land are flooded, etc.

Natural phenomena events that occur in the lithosphere and bring great disasters to people are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as landslides, landslides, avalanches and mud-stone flows.

In 1995, as a result of a strong earthquake (about 8 on the Richter scale) in the north of Sakhalin Island, the oil workers’ village of Neftegorsk was literally wiped off the face of the earth in a matter of minutes. Thousands of residents were affected. The destruction was so great that a government commission decided that it was impossible to rebuild the city on this site.

Rice. 26. Belts of earthquakes and volcanism

Using Figure 26, identify the seismically active areas of our country. Remember how powerful earthquakes cause great destruction and are dangerous to human life.

Landslides, landslides, landslides, and avalanches bring big troubles to people. All of them occur most often in mountainous areas, when, under the influence of gravity, rock fragments or masses of snow move along mountain slopes.

Rice. 27. Landslide structure

Sat down- stormy mud-stone flows. Most often, they occur near the end of the glacier after heavy rains or rapid snowmelt, when moisture-saturated soil begins to descend down the valley at an ever-increasing speed, taking with it a mass of stones.

Landslides- This is the displacement of rock masses down a slope under the influence of gravity. They are formed when water-resistant rocks lie shallow or when aquifer-bearing and water-resistant layers alternate. The waterlogged upper layers slide along the aquitard, carrying with them everything that is on the surface. Landslide processes intensify during earthquakes and heavy rainfall.

Questions and tasks

1. What processes occurring in our time indicate the continuous development of the relief?
2. When was the ancient glaciation? Show the southern border of the largest glaciation.
3. What influence did the glacier have on the modern topography?
4. In which areas of our country is the relief particularly affected by the activity of flowing waters, and in which – by the activity of wind?
5. What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?
6. On a contour map, show the areas of our country where earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudflows, and landslides can occur.

Final assignments on the topic

1. What sources of geographic information should be used to characterize the relief of a particular territory?
2. Explain the patterns of location of the main landforms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?
3. Prove that the process of relief formation continues in our time.
4. Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust.

   Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; what age rocks make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what landforms are created by this or that process; their placement; what mineral resources are there in this area; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.

5. Make a description of any of the Russian mountain ranges located in the south of Siberia, using the above plan.
6. Describe the relief of your region (region, republic).

Under the influence of what forces does the relief of the Earth constantly change?

The Earth's topography is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces.

Questions in a paragraph

*Which territories of Russia are experiencing the most intense uplifts. Why do you think?

The most intense uplifts are observed in the Far East, Southern Siberia, and the Caucasus. These territories are included in the region of Cenozoic folding (Alpine-Himalayan geosynclinal belt).

*Determine which landforms predominate in the center of the glaciation, and which in more southern areas where the ice is melting.

Exaration forms predominate in the centers of glaciation - glacial hollows, sheep's foreheads, fiords. In places where the glacier melts, debris accumulates and kamas, eskers, and terminal moraine ridges are formed on glaciolacustrine plains. Even further south, outwash plains are formed by meltwater flows.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. What processes occurring in our time indicate the continuous development of the relief?

Endogenous processes – tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.

2. Name the largest glaciation of the Quaternary period?

Dnieper glaciation.

3. What influence did the glacier have on the modern topography?

A huge amount of debris was carried away from the centers of glaciation along with the mass of ice. At the same time, the rocks were smoothed out and potholes formed. In the south, during the melting of the glacier, debris material settled and accumulative landforms formed.

4. In which areas of our country did the activity of flowing waters have a special impact on the relief, and in which – the activity of the wind?

The activity of flowing waters is especially noticeable in areas with sloping surfaces and mountainous areas with significant rainfall. Where there is little precipitation, wind activity predominates. On the territory of the country it is expressed in the Caspian lowland, on the Baltic coast in the Kaliningrad region.

5. What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, landslides, avalanches, mud-stone flows.

FINAL ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC

1. What sources of geographic information should be used in order to characterize the relief of a particular territory?

Tectonic and physical-geographical maps, aerial photographs and satellite photographs.

2. Explain the patterns of location of the main relief forms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?

The largest relief forms in their location correspond to large tectonic structures. Plains and lowlands are on platforms. The mountains correspond to folded areas. To establish a pattern, it is necessary to use a tectonic and physical-geographical map.

3. Prove that relief formation is also taking place in our time.

The Earth's topography is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external forces. Endogenous processes – tectonic movements. Exogenous processes - the activity of flowing waters, living organisms, wind.

4. Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the Earth's crust.

Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains using the following plan:

5. Make a description of any of the Russian mountain ranges located in the south of Siberia, using the above plan.

a) where is the territory located?

The mountain system is located where the borders of Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan meet

b) what tectonic structure is it confined to?

region of the Caledonian fold

c) rocks of what age make up the territory

breeds of Caledonian age

d) average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory, reasons for their placement

Minimum heights are 200 m in the area of ​​the ancient peneplain. Maximum altitudes in the area of ​​alpine high-mountain relief are up to 4506 m. Average altitudes are 800-1800 m - it has a mid-mountain relief, which occupies more than half of Altai.

e) what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief

activity of flowing waters, physical weathering, mountain glaciers.

f) what forms of relief are created by these processes; their placement;

The region of the ancient plain consists of high mountain ranges with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped slopes modified by regressive erosion. Above the leveling surfaces rise individual peaks and small ridges composed of harder rocks with relative elevations of 200-400 m. Alpine relief is less widespread than the surface of the ancient peneplain. Ridges with alpine landforms are their most elevated axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frost weathering. The main forms of relief here are pointed peaks and carlings, kars, trough valleys with lake basins, moraine hills and ridges, landslides, screes, frost-solifluction formations. Mid-mountain relief is characterized by smooth, rounded shapes of low ridges and their spurs, separated by river valleys.

g) what mineral resources are there in this territory?

polymetallic ores, mercury deposits, iron ores, bauxites, copper ores, magnesium ores.

h) how to explain their presence here?

the placement of minerals is associated with the geological structure - they are confined to folded areas.

i) what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as the tectonic and geological structure

Relief is a set of irregularities on the earth's surface. The largest landforms on land are mountains and plains.
Central Russia is the central region of the East European (Russian) Plain. Western Siberia - the largest plain in the world - stretches from the Kara Sea to the northern slopes of the Kazakh small hills. Thus, both regions are plains, but different in size.
The nature of the relief of Central Russia and Western Siberia is different. Western Siberia is a flat plain, on which only the Siberian Uvaly stands out in height, stretching from west to east. In the south of Western Siberia there are flat Vasyugan and Ishim plains. In general, Western Siberia is lower than Central Russia. The relief of Central Russia is more diverse. In the west there are low hills - Valdai,
Central Russian, Smolensk Moscow, in the east - lowlands (Verkhnevolzhskaya, Meshcher ekaya). River valleys have been developed. Central Russia is higher than Western Siberia, the terrain is more rugged.
The similarities and differences in the relief of Western Siberia and Central Russia are due to relief formation processes. The flatness of the relief of both territories is due to the fact that they are based on platforms - relatively stable tectonic structures. Central Russia, located within the East European Plain, is based on the ancient Russian Platform, and Western Siberia is based on the young West Siberian Platform. The foundation of the West Siberian Platform is covered with a thick layer of sediments. The foundation of the Russian Platform is located at different depths from the surface, and is elevated in places, which is reflected in the relief. Thus, the Central Russian Upland is confined to the raising of the foundation. Slow movements of the earth's crust also had a significant impact on the nature of the relief. The East European Plain, including the territory of Central Russia, did not experience significant fluctuations, and Western Siberia, until the Neogene-Quaternary, experienced significant subsidence, which then turned into a slight uplift. This was manifested in the fact that the height of Western Siberia is insignificant, and the relief is flat compared to Central Russia.
Part of the territory of Central Russia and the north of Western Siberia was exposed to
Quaternary glaciations. This affected the formation of the relief: the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands within Central Russia and the Siberian Uvaly in Western Siberia are of glacial origin (hilly-moraine relief, terminal moraine ridges). Also of glacial origin are some plains of Western Siberia and Central Russia (Meshchera Lowland), which arose along the southern boundaries of glaciation, where glacial waters deposited a lot of material.
Central Russia is more elevated, and its relief has developed over a longer period of time, therefore, within its borders, various erosional forms of relief have become more developed - the hills are dissected by ravines and gullies, and river valleys are developed.
Thus, in the relief of Central Russia and Western Siberia there are similarities and differences due to the tectonic structure, the history of relief formation, and external factors of relief formation.