home » Pronunciation » Alternation of consonants in the root g z z. Word - Alternation of consonant sounds in the root of a word

Alternation of consonants in the root g z z. Word - Alternation of consonant sounds in the root of a word

Verbal

Denominate

Full form

-N- suffixes - base + aN, yN, iN Excl.: glass, tin, wood - Non-suffix formations (primitive adjectives not formed from other parts of speech) YOUNG, SPICY, PORK, LAMB, SINGLE, DEER, BLUE, GREEN -NN- - base H + H suffixes - base + oNN, eNN, eNN Excl.: windy (“with the wind”), but windy (“driven by the wind”); windless! oily (damn), but oil paints - from nouns ending in –mya-	Participle. -NN-	Adjective. -N-/ -NN-
1) from a verb with a prefix(except for non-, which does not affect the use of nilinn) Excl.: smart. 2) X 3) from verbs owls. type Excl.: wounded + Words that have completely lost connection with participles, usually used in stable s/s: forgiven Sunday, imprisoned father, named brother, smart boy, finished man, dowry (noun) 4) passive participles –ovanny –evanny.	1) from verb. without prefix 2) no dependent words 3) from Ch. nesov. type Exceptions: made, desired, cutesy, slow, (un)seen, (un)guessed, (un)expected, (un)heard, heard, accidental, sacred, a few (minutes), swaggering, minted, read 4) from passive participles to –ovanny –evanny. Excl.: forged, chewed, pecked
Short form
N	N/NN
1) = verb. pr. vr.(without distorting the meaning) 2) you can ask a question by whom?	As many N as in the full form of the adjective 1) ≠ Verb. pr. vr.(distortion of meaning) 2) you can’t ask a question by whom? 3) You can replace the adjective - synonym and continue a number of homogeneous members.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in different parts of speech.

Alternating vowels.
Unstressed case endings of nouns.
Gender endings of adjectives.
Spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes (from-, to-,... pre-, at-).
Oh-, yo- after the hissing ones.
Other vowels after sibilants (a, y, i, e – tradition).
Personal verb endings.
Vowels in suffixes of participles and adjectives.

Spelling of consonants.

1. b after the hissing ones.

2. Set-top boxes h- And With-.

3. Alternation of consonants in roots.

4. N And NN in different parts of speech.

The spelling of roots with alternating vowels depends on:

from the final consonant of the root la G– lo and exposition - to expound Excl.: canopy rast - ra sch– ro With grow - grown - grow excl.: Rostok, Rostislav, industry, growth moneylender, Rostov, vyrostkovy ska To– sko h galloped - upstart Excl.: jump, jump, jump, (on, re) jump,	from the presence of a suffix A- ber - birA ter - tira mer - world der - dir stel - stila per - pirA burned - zigA shine - blistA even - countsArchal - calculate kos - touchAsk - touch I (a) - them (in) A
from stress mountains - gArtan - tan Excl.: residues, cinders, smoldering, burning clone – clan creation – creature Excl.: utensils late - be late - be late cop - dig - dig up an argument - spArsprit - dispute zar - zOrzarya - dawn Excl.: dawn, dawn	from the root value equal - equal to someone, make equal, identical - smooth comparison; Excl.: plain, straight line alignment Excl.: equally, peer, level poppy - mok, moch to immerse something to absorb into liquid liquid
swim - swim - swim swimmer, quicksand everything else swimmer beetle

Historical commentary. Alternations ’a//im, ’a//in arose in the Proto-Slavic language during the era of the open syllable law, according to which all syllables had to end in syllabic sounds, therefore, if combinations im, in appeared before vowels, they were preserved (compress, crumple); before consonants and at the end of the word they changed into the sound [e “nasal”], which was transmitted in the Old Church Slavonic language by the letter Ạ (small yus), which turned into the Old Russian language

[’a] (v.-sl. MẠTH, rus . crush).

Etc And burning - burning taste in (under)burnt food.

IN s garki- residues from distillation, melting or burning of something. (V.I. Dal)

ANDsoot = fumes, fumes, slag, scale, slag – what burned, what remained after that (V.I. Dal)

Garev O th (and g A roaring) – from small, loose residues from the combustion of coal.

Cinder track - a track for sports running and driving with a special coating

from burning, slag. (S.I. Ozhegov)

Alternation of consonants in the root.

k//h	river - small river
k//h//ts	Cossack - Cossack - Cossack
x//sh	ear - ear
g//f	snow - snowflake
g//f//z	friend - friendly - friends
t//h//sch	light - candle - lighting
d//f	offense - to be offended
d//f//railway	driver - leader - driving
s//w	indicate - will indicate
s//sh	ask - please
t//sh	stop - I'll stop
sk//st//sch	shine - sparkle - shines
ts//h	cucumber - cucumber
b//bl	love - love
v//vl	catch - catch
p//pl	buy - buy
m//ml	break - I'll break
f//fl	graph - I'll graph it

Alternation E and O with zero sound.

What explains such alternations?

Once upon a time, the Russian language had ultra-short vowels. The time has come - and they began to disappear, turn into zero sound. But they did not disappear everywhere, but only where they sounded very briefly, indistinctly. In other cases, they turned into familiar vowels O And e.

This is how it happened that in the same morpheme the sound is pronounced ( O or e) , then you can’t hear it at all (zero sound).

b after hissing

It is necessary to establish the part of speech and determine the grammatical characteristics of the word!

In a syllable they are combined with other sounds. Unlike vowels, consonants do not form the apex of a syllable. In the course of changing and improving the lexical structure, words undergo various transformations. In particular, some written signs can replace others. One type of transformation is the alternation of consonants in What is it? How does this change happen? More on this later.

general information

Acoustically, consonants have relatively less total energy than vowels and may not have a clear formant structure. When pronouncing sounds, the vocal tract narrows. As a result, the air flow is completely or partially blocked, which, when encountering an obstacle, begins to change its direction. In the Russian language, there are noisy consonants (affricates, fricatives, plosives), a group of sonorants (lateral and smooth), and a semi-consonant (semi-vowel) “th”. There are also sonorant sounds - tremulous and nasal.

Consonant alternation

Among the most typical combinations, the following should be noted:

z - f - g (friends - girlfriend - girlfriend);
ts - ch - k (face - face - face);
s - w - x (goblin - forest, plowing - to plow);
zh - d (rejuvenation - young, go - ride);
shch - sk (polished - gloss);
shch - st (paved-bridge);
bl-b (ruin - ruin);
ow - in (catching - catching);
ml - m (feed - feed);
pl - p (buy-buy) and others.

The rules of the Russian language explain such examples by the process of simplifying pronunciation. In this case, the original meaning of sounds is lost. In doubtful cases, alternation of consonants in the root of the word is used for verification.

The original appearance of the structure

In a number of cases, there is some difficulty with which sound is considered the main one in the design. Having one or another alternation of consonants in the root of a word, it is necessary to understand what meaning is introduced into the new structure. So, for example, “girlfriend” is a derivative of “friend,” and the variant “girlfriend” is formed, in all likelihood, under the influence of such a form as “druzhina,” which itself is a simplification of “friend, other, friend.” These kinds of word changes can lead to a lot of confusion in the future. As a result, the original sound and semantic clarity is lost.

"C - C - K"

This alternation of consonants at the root of a word has its own characteristics. The original (original) design is “face”. Subsequently, after the transformation, the word "face" appears. Here the sound "k" changes to "ts". The design changes further. The result is the word "face". According to interpretation options, there are different meanings of the resulting syllables. So, for example, “ko” is “surface, shell”, “tso” is defined as “complete connection”, and “chi” is “reproduction or complete continuation”. As a result, the modified constructions have different meanings: “rejoicing, appearance” (from “lik”), “larva, larva, excellent” (from “lich”), “facing, obverse” (from face).

"H-Sh"

Let's consider the alternation of consonants in the root of the word "plow". Initially, it must be said that this design is a derivative of “groin”. “To plow” in the ancient interpretation is to cultivate the womb for reproduction and sowing. And only subsequently a semantic transfer to the cultivation and cultivation of the soil in the farming process was formed and embodied. Until now, the impersonal verb form has retained the “groin” construction, while the personal forms are pronounced with “sh”. For example: “plow-plow-plow.”

The alternation of consonants in the root of the word “forest” occurs according to approximately the same principle. How does the design change in this case? As soon as “forest” begins to illustrate something “forest”, but at the same time “personified”, “w” appears instead of “s”. For example, "goblin". At the same time, if something extraneous is designated, something not directly inherent in the forest, the “s” is retained in the design. For example, "forester".

"St/sk - Shch"

The same rules of the Russian language are involved in changing the construction with the stem "sk". In this case, the same “sign of something peculiar, personal, inherent in the perceiver, connected with meaning” takes place. For example: “gloss-polished” and “bridge-paved”. In the first case, sensations come forward - it feels polished to the touch, which means with a gloss. At the same time, “gloss” is something unrelated to a person, but “polished” is the embodiment of perception, human sensation.

The same can be seen in other examples. For example, such constructions as “forgive” - “forgiveness”, “bush” - “tillering” and so on. It should be noted, however, that such a change in “st-sch” takes place not only in the root, but also in the suffix. For example: “thinness” - “thin”, “dryness” - “lean”. Presumably, it was these “naturally necessary” transformations that began to be transferred to other structural elements.

"L"

In some way, a special form of perception is visible when this sound appears in a modified structure. When “l” appears in the composition, “structure, harmony, internal state” is added to the meaning. Examples include third person verbs: I destroy, I love, I make noise, I crush, I buy, I endure. At the same time, in other personal forms of these constructions the sound “l” is absent: ruin, love, crush, buy, make noise, endure. This alternation of consonants can be explained fundamentally as follows: the appearance of “l” in the first person, that is, in constructions reflecting something “personal, relating to me,” is a manifestation of one’s own “I”, internal state. But the rest: “you, she, they” and so on - this is external, something not related to the perceiver, that is, “outside me,” which is why the “l” is absent there.

2. Change the words so that there is alternation oh, oh with zero sound, and write them down. Label the roots in which fluent vowels appear.

Sample.

End, stump, day, dream, fire, ditch, seam, grain, lion, pine, doll.

3. Change words to include fluent vowels in prefixes or suffixes. Label morphemes with fluent vowels.

Sample.

Lock, snowball, draw in, bell, comb, bend, flag, handkerchief, knot, hammer; beat off, pour, drink, pick up, wait.

4. Copy the poems, inserting the missing words. Identify the roots in words where there are or may appear fluent vowels.

A. First snowball B. Hedgehog running
I did the first one. along.
I did the first one. - Yes, it slides on the ice.
fell on. . The fox says to him:
Get up, snowball, - Let me translate.
get up, . The gray hedgehog answers:
I'll lie in bed until nightfall - I have two pairs.
I hurt myself. I'll go over myself.
(A. Ekimtsev) (S. Marshak)

Reference: very, meadow, friend, little step; legs, paths.

In the Russian language, the following consonants alternate in the roots of words:

5. First write down words with vowels alternating in their roots, then with consonants.

Loaded - load, call - name, face - personal, inspection - inspect, dull - stalled, shout - shout, lock - close - close, friend - friends.

6. Write down in a column words in which consonants can alternate. For each of them, select words with alternating consonants and write them down. Emphasize the alternating consonants.

1. You can’t spin yarn without a spindle. 2. Every person is recognized in action. 3. Business teaches and feeds. 4. To live without anything is only to smoke the sky. 5. If you deal with a quitter, you will end up with grief. 6. Hands were not made for hanging around idle. 7. Sit by the sea and wait for the weather. (Proverbs)

7. Match the indicated words with the same root or change them so that the sounds alternate. Indicate the morphemes in which alternation occurs, underline the alternating consonants.

Sample.

Hand, quiet, mow, carry, catch, peas, drive, sleep, friend, dry.

N.F. Balandina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language 6th grade

Submitted by readers from Internet sites

Russian language library, school lesson plan, online tests, Russian language course, homework, free download of essays, everything for a student to prepare for homework

If you have corrections or suggestions for this lesson, please write to us.

If you want to see other adjustments and suggestions for lessons, look here - Educational Forum.

Root as part of a word

The smallest meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes. Significant parts of a word include root, prefix, suffix, connecting morpheme, ending, postfix. All morphemes, except the ending, are part of the word stem.

Let's look at this part of the word as a root.

The root is the main significant part of a word, which contains the general lexical meaning of all related words. For example, at the root - the general lexical meaning of the words transport, cabman, and gives a lift is concluded.

As a rule, the root in related words is always the same, except in cases where alternations of sounds occur in the word. So, you should remember some historical alternations in order to be able to correctly find the root in a word:

1) g\f\z – friend-friends-friends;
2) t\ h\ sh- light - candle - lighting;
3) d\f\zhd - labor - toiling - to bother;
4) a\ o - sprout;
5) e\ i - shine - shine;
6) b\bl- love- love;
7) in\vl- catch- catching;
8) m\ml- break- refraction;
9) p\pl- thrash- thrash;
10) f\ fl- graph-graph.

Cognate words and forms of the same word

It is necessary to distinguish between words with the same root and forms of the same word.

Cognates have a common root, but can have different meanings and refer to different parts of speech, for example: salt, salty, salt. Cognate words are formed in a language in the process of word formation.

Forms of the same word retain a single lexical meaning and, naturally, refer to one part of speech, for example: work - worked, worked, worked, worked. In this case, the process of shaping occurs. During shaping no new words are formed, but only new forms of the same word appear.

So, the verb to read has many forms, for example: read, reading, reading. In the above words, the suffixes –л-, -уш-, -я- are formative and do not play any role in the process of word formation. Therefore, it cannot be said that the word reading is just one of the forms of the verb to read. Thus, the participle reading, like reading, reading, reading, is non-derivative.

Alternating vowels in roots

The spelling of a vowel depends on the place of stress

1) First case: if at the root no accent the letter o is written, if there- a vowel that is heard.

Example: Sunbathing, Tanning, Bend, Bow, Bow, Creation, Creativity.

Exceptions: burnt utensils

2) Second case: if at the root no accent written a, if there- a vowel that is heard.

Example: Dawn, Glow, Lightning, Illumination

The spelling of a vowel depends on the presence of the suffix –a- after the root

1) First case: written a, if behind the root there is a suffix -a-. In other cases it is written about

Example: touch, touch

2) Second case: In the roots listed below, the letter is written and, if behind the root there is a suffix -a-, in all other cases - the letter e.

Example: I will collect, collect, shine, shine, pull away, run away, burn out, burn out, freeze, freeze, subtract, subtract.

Remember the spelling of words: s combine, combination, couple, show off, rider, saddle, but: nurse, sit

The spelling of the vowel depends on the th consonant of the root, which is located at the end of the word

1) First case: before the letter Mr. before w-oh.

Example: offer, offer

Exception: Canopy

2) Second case: before st and letter ь the vowel a is written in other cases - oh.

Example: plant, grown, grown

Exception: Industry, sprout, moneylender, Rostov, Rostislavl

3) Third case: if at the root no accent is written a, before wh-o

Example: Skip, skip

2.2. Root of the word

1. Root– the general part of related words, which contains their main meaning. Words with the same root are called cognate.

Water, water, underwater, under water, above water, flooding, water, etc.

A root can consist of several sounds ( it's coming) or from one sound ( by the way).

2. Compound words have two or more roots.

Water pipeline, ever green, white, blue and red.

In compound words, the root (or roots) can be presented in truncated form.

Correspondent point - correspondent point, university - higher education institution.

3. In the Russian language there are homonym roots.

Water, underwater - to lead, conductor; cheese, cheese ok, cheese - cheese oh, from cheese to eat, dampness.

4. When words and forms are formed, the sound appearance of a word may change. These are usually historical alternations of vowels and consonants. They must be taken into account when identifying roots, when selecting test words of the same root, etc.

Wed: book - little book; plow - plow; shine – candle, lighting; mouth - mouth.

Let us give examples of the most frequent alternations of sounds.

Alternating combinations of sounds

5. Most roots of the Russian language are capable of independently forming the stem of a word.

Wed: table, lion, walls and etc.

At the same time, some roots cannot be found in a language without word-forming prefixes and suffixes.

For example, the root st-( street itsa, about street ok); root pt- ( pt itsa, pt enets); root rob-( timid cue, timidity), howl- ( howl, howl, howl). In the last word warrior the root war- is superimposed on the suffix -in (cf.: townspeople in, Englishmen in).

6. In the course of historical development, the morphemic composition of a word can change. The most common process in this case is the simplification of the morphemic structure of the word, or simplification. The essence of this process is that the prefix and the root, less often the root and the suffix, merge together, and then a new root is formed.

For example, in the word air one root is now distinguished - air, whereas previously the root was highlighted in this word spirit and prefix WHO-. In the word taste, the prefix was previously distinguished V- and root bite(cf.: bite), and now it is a single root. In the word red, the root was previously highlighted red and suffix -n-, and currently red- is completely the root.

The process of simplification is gradual, and in modern Russian one can find quite a lot of transitional cases. That is why in different manuals, in different word-formation dictionaries and dictionaries of morphemes, different roots can be identified in the same word.

For example, some linguists identify the root in the word image once-(same root words - strike, striking), and other researchers believe that the former prefix and root have already merged into one root - image-.

7. Isolating the etymological, that is, the original morphemes in a simplified word can be important for spelling the word.

For example, in the word pleasant the prefix was previously highlighted at- and root I- (yati"take"). Console at- originally had the meaning “to bring closer, to join.” That is why in modern Russian the vowel i is written in this former prefix.

Tip 1: How to find words with alternating consonants at the root

How to find words with alternating consonants at the root
How to prepare for the State Examination
What is the root word
How to find simple words

The concept of alternation

In the Russian language, one sound is often replaced by another (or a combination of phonemes). Such substitution is called alternation. The emergence of words with the same root, changes in grammatical forms are often the reason for the transformation of the sound image (laughter - funny, news - leading). This process is observed due to the current action of various phonetic phenomena and historically established linguistic laws.

Vowels and consonants are replaced within a certain part of the word. The discrepancy in the sound of consonants at the root occurs constantly: shore - berezhok, east - eastern, twirl - twirl. The phonetic structure of the main significant morpheme of word forms and related words indicates the presence or absence of consonants replacing each other. An idea of the types of alternations makes it possible to competently perform word-formation and morphemic analysis, and apply the orthographic rule for writing dubious root consonants.

Two types of alternations

A consonant can be in a strong or weak position, determined by the location of the sound (the end or beginning of a word, before a sonorant consonant). Modern Russian explains the phonetic laws of positional alternations: a certain position changes the sound quality of the consonant root. For example, deafening at the end of a word or before a voiceless word (du[p], du[p]ki), voicing before a voiced word (ko[z`]ba) are explained by a natural language process that has no exceptions.

It is enough to observe the typical phenomenon of transformation of sound structure in systematically emerging new vocabulary. Replacing hard consonants with soft ones and vice versa is also considered positional alternation (bell - bell, handicraft - handicraft).

The Common Slavic and Old Russian languages served as the basis for the emergence of historical alternations. The phenomenon formed a long time ago and is caused not by the laws of phonetics, but by the inexplicable similarity of consonants. The regularities of the old phonemic system ceased to apply. The original meaning of the sounds was gradually lost, but the replacement remained. The appearance of alternations is explained by simplification of pronunciation. The correct spelling of root consonants often requires verification.

To quickly select the right word that corresponds to the meaning, it is important to remember the common variants of alternating consonants: g - z - z (girlfriend - girlfriend - friends); k - h - c (face - face - face); x - w - s (forest - goblin); d - f (young - rejuvenation); sk - shch (gloss - polished); st - sch (bridge - paved); b - bl (love - love); in - ow (to catch - I’m catching); m - ml (feed - feed); p - pl (buy - buy).

It requires serious attention to determine the morphemic structure of words, where one phoneme is replaced by a combination of several: ruin - ruin, save - save, forget - oblivion. The consonant clusters “bl”, “pl”, “bv” alternate respectively with “b”, “p”, “b” and form part of the root.

There are cases of single and atypical alternations (cat-cat). The emergence of new variants of alternating consonants is associated with the regular addition of borrowed words to the Russian vocabulary: fantasy - fantastic (z-st). Historical alternation that remains outside the competence of phonetics is also called non-positional.

www.kakprosto.ru

Alternation of consonants in the root of a word. Consonants in Russian

Consonants in Russian represent special speech sounds. In a syllable they are combined with other sounds. Unlike vowels, consonants do not form the apex of a syllable. In the course of changing and improving the lexical structure, words undergo various transformations. In particular, some written signs can replace others. One type of transformation is the alternation of consonants in the root of a word. What it is? How does this change happen? More on this later.

general information

Consonant alternation

Among the most typical combinations, the following should be noted:

h – f – g (friends – girlfriend – girlfriend);
ts – h – k (face – face – face);
s - w - x (goblin - forest, plowing - to plow);
w – d (rejuvenation – young, go – ride);
shch – sk (polished – gloss);
shch – st (paved-bridge);
bl-b (ruin - destroy);
ow – in (catch – catch);
ml – m (feed – feed);
pl - p (buy-buy) and others.

The original appearance of the structure

This alternation of consonants at the root of a word has its own characteristics. The original (original) design is “face”. Subsequently, after the transformation, the word "face" appears. Here the sound “k” changes to “ts”. The design changes further. The result is the word “face”. According to interpretation options, there are different meanings of the resulting syllables. So, for example, “ko” is “surface, shell”, “tso” is defined as “complete connection”, and “chi” is “reproduction or complete continuation”. As a result, the modified constructions have different meanings: “rejoicing, appearance” (from “lik”), “larva, larva, excellent” (from “lich”), “facing, obverse” (from face).

Let's consider the alternation of consonants in the root of the word “plow”. Initially, it must be said that this design is a derivative of “groin”. “To plow” in the ancient interpretation is to cultivate the womb for reproduction and sowing. And only subsequently a semantic transfer to the cultivation and cultivation of the soil in the farming process was formed and embodied. Until now, the impersonal verb form has retained the “groin” construction, while the personal forms are pronounced with “sh”. For example: “plow-plow-plow.”

The alternation of consonants in the root of the word “forest” occurs according to approximately the same principle. How does the design change in this case? As soon as “forest” begins to illustrate something “forest”, but at the same time “personified”, “w” appears instead of “s”. For example, “goblin”. At the same time, if something extraneous is designated, something not directly inherent in the forest, the “s” is retained in the design. For example, "forester".

The same rules of the Russian language are involved in changing the construction with the stem “sk”. In this case, the same “sign of something peculiar, personal, inherent in the perceiver, connected with meaning” takes place. For example: “gloss-polished” and “bridge-paved”. In the first case, sensations come forward - it feels polished to the touch, which means with a gloss. At the same time, “gloss” is something unrelated to a person, but “polished” is the embodiment of perception, human sensation.

The same can be seen in other examples. For example, such constructions as “forgive” - “forgiveness”, “tillering” - “tillering” and so on. It should be noted, however, that such a change “st-sch” takes place not only in the root, but also in the suffix. For example: “thinness” - “thin”, “dryness” - “lean”. Presumably, it was these “naturally necessary” transformations that began to be transferred to other structural elements.

In some way, a special form of perception is visible when this sound appears in a modified structure. When “l” appears in the composition, “structure, harmony, internal state” is added to the meaning. Examples include third person verbs: I destroy, I love, I make noise, I crush, I buy, I endure. At the same time, in other personal forms of these constructions the sound “l” is absent: ruin, love, crush, buy, make noise, endure. This alternation of consonants can be explained fundamentally as follows: the appearance of “l” in the first person, that is, in constructions reflecting something “personal, relating to me,” is a manifestation of one’s own “I”, internal state. But the rest: “you, she, they” and so on – this is external, something not related to the perceiver, that is, “outside of me,” which is why the “l” is absent there.

Changes at the "boundaries" of structural elements

However, it must be said that a change can only occur in any one zone: suffix, prefix or root. That is why the boundaries of structural elements should be clearly understood. The phonetic rules of the Russian language indicate the following: at the heart of the construction of words, for example, “plank” or “waxed”, there is “sch”. This is due to the fact that the transformation takes place in the main structural element: “wax”, “board”. Here the alternation of consonants in the root of the word is carried out. But in such structures as “paving stones” and “sandstone”, “sch” appears instead of “sch”. This is due to the fact that the change affects the boundary of the root and suffix in the word: “pes-ok”, “brus-ok”.

Vowels and consonants are replaced within a certain part of the word. The discrepancy in the sound of consonants occurs constantly: shore - berezhok, east - eastern, twirl - twirl. The phonetic structure of the main significant morpheme of word forms and related words indicates the presence or absence of consonants replacing each other. An idea of the types of alternations makes it possible to competently perform word formation and apply spelling of dubious root consonants.

Two types of alternations

To quickly select the right word that corresponds to the meaning, it is important to remember the common variants of alternating consonants: g - z - z (girlfriend - -); k - h - c (face - face - face); x - w - s (forest - goblin); d - f (young - rejuvenation); sk - shch (gloss - polished); st - shch (bridge - paved); b - bl (love - love); in - ow (to catch - I’m catching); m - ml (feed - feed); p - pl (buy - buy).

Why do words alternate sounds? This occurs during the formation of grammatical forms of words. That is, sounds in the same morpheme, for example in a root, can replace each other. This replacement is called alternation. Let us note right away that we will talk about phonetic processes, and not about the spelling of words.

In certain cases, not only vowel sounds alternate, but also consonants. Most often, alternation is found in roots, suffixes and prefixes.

Moss - moss, carry - carry, cool - cooler, friend - friends - be friends - at the root of the word;

circle - mug, daughter - daughters, winter - winter, valuable - valuable - in suffixes;

wait - wait, call - convene, rub - rub - in prefixes.

There are two types of alternations: historical (they cannot be explained, they arose a long time ago and are associated with the loss of vowel sounds [ъ], [ь] (сънъ - съна, сть - to flatter) or with the inexplicable identity of consonant sounds (run - run) and phonetic ( positional in a different way, since they depend on the position of the sound in the word [nΛga - nok], they can be explained from the point of view of the modern Russian language, for example, the alternation [g//k] arose because the consonant sound is preserved before the vowel, and in at the end of the word the sound is deafened and changes its sound quality).

Historical alternations

Phonetic (positional) alternations

Historical alternations are revealed during word formation and form change.

Phonetic (positional) can be determined by the reduction of vowels and assimilation of consonant sounds.

There are many fluent vowels when changing one-syllable and two-syllable nouns according to cases [o, e, and// -]:

mouth - mouth, ice - ice, stump - stump;

fire - fire, knot - knot, wind - wind, lesson - lesson, nail - nail, hive - hive;

bucket - buckets, window - windows, needle - needles, egg - eggs.

There are also fluent vowels in short adjectives:

short is short, bitter is bitter, funny is funny, long is long, cunning is cunning.

In the roots of different types of verbs, alternations of vowels and consonants also occur:

touch - touch, inspect - inspect, collect - collect, send - send, light - light, understand - understand, squeeze - squeeze.

It is important to know the alternation of sounds in order to correctly apply spelling rules when difficulties arise with writing letters in different parts of speech. If you don’t recognize the alternation, you can make a mistake during morphemic analysis, when you highlight parts of a word.

Read about the spelling of roots with alternation in the "Spelling" category.

Type