Presentation on the topic "characteristics of the economic and geographical position of Pakistan." Full Description of Pakistan Natural Resources of Pakistan

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Flag and coat of arms

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Pakistan Map

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General information about the country

• Capital - Islamabad
• Area - 803,940 km²
• Population – 6th in the world, 159,652,399 people.
• Density – 202 people/km²
• GDP - 26th in the world $360.8 billion. Per capita - $2221
• Currency – Pakistani rupee
• Internet domain - .рk
• Telephone code - +92
• Time zone – UTC +5

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Islamabad Faizal Mosque

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Currency – 100 rupees

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Political and economic-geographical position of the country

The form of government is a Presidential Republic, consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier and Balochistan). The head of state is the president, elected by the federal parliament (upper house (Senate) and lower house (National Assembly) for a term of 5 years. The legal branch of government is represented by the Supreme Court (whose members are appointed by the president) and the federal Islamic Sharia court. The government, approved by the president, formed and headed by the prime minister, who usually represents the majority party or coalition in the National Assembly.

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The Senate consists of 100 members elected by members of the lower house of the federal parliament and provincial legislatures on a majority basis. The term of office of the Senate is 6 years. One third of the Senate is renewed every 2 years. The National Assembly consists of 342 deputies, 272 of whom are elected by the population by direct secret ballot using a system of proportional representation for a term of 5 years. 60 seats are provided for women, 10 seats are reserved for representatives of religious minorities.

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Political leaders

• President - Asif Ali Zardari
• Prime Minister - Yusuf Reza Gillani

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Administrative division

• Balochistan
• North-West Border
• Punjab
• Stolichnaya
• Tribes
• Azad-Kashmir
• Northern

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Natural conditions

Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished: the lowland east, the mid-mountain west and the high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores.

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Nature of Pakistan

• The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west it is subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country it is more humid with a clearly defined altitudinal zone.
• The largest river of Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which contains most of the country.

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General characteristics of the population

Ethnic composition: Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Baluchis, etc. The majority of believers 97% are Muslims (Sunnis 77%, Shiites 20%), Christians, Hindus. The official languages ​​are Urdu and English; at the same time, 60% of the population speaks Punjabi, 16% Pashto, 12% Sindhi. Over 60% of the population is literate, and the higher education system is considered to be of fairly high quality.

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Population of Pakistan

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Sex composition of the population

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The average age of the population is 19.7 years for men and 20.0 years for women. The average life expectancy for men is 61.3 years, for women 63.1 years, total life expectancy is 62.2 years. 39.3% of Pakistan's population are citizens under the age of 14, 56.5% are citizens between 15 and 64 years of age, and 4.2% are over 65 years of age. The plight of women in society leads to their high mortality rate, which is why Pakistan has a male-dominated population. For every 1000 women there are 1047 men.

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Villager of Pakistan

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Education system

There are 2 education systems in Pakistan. The traditional system introduces students to Islamic subjects and provides knowledge of Urdu, Arabic and sometimes also Persian. The most conservative teaching remains in theological schools of madrassas operating at mosques. In the higher schools of this system, dar-ul-ulumah, students receive solid theological training for 5–15 years. As a result, the graduate becomes a respected scientist - an ulema. The two most famous dar-ul-ulums operate in Karachi and Lahore.

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Branches of international economic specialization

• Pakistan is an agrarian-industrial country. Most of the labor force is employed in agriculture.
• In 1952, the first deposits of natural gas were discovered in Balochistan, but then they were found in Sindh and Punjab. 7 oil fields were discovered. Oil reserves are estimated at 300 million barrels. Other minerals mined include coal, chrome ores, marble, table salt, limestone, uranium, phosphorites, barite, sulfur, precious and semi-precious stones.

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In April 2005, Pakistan began production of its own REWO car. There is also a KAMAZ vehicle assembly plant in Karachi.

1) General information about the country

Islamabad Faizal Mosque

Currency – 100 rupees

2) Political and economic-geographical position of the country

Administrative division

3) Natural resource conditions

4) General characteristics of the population

Population of Pakistan

Sex composition of the population

Villager of Pakistan

5) Sectors of international economic specialization

Minare

Lahore Museum

Badshani Mosque

On the street of Islamabad

RUINS OF A BUDDHIST TEMPLE in Taxila, near Islamabad

Conclusion about the development of the country

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Islamic Republic of Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan Urdu اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان

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Flag of Pakistan On the flag: A white crescent with a five-pointed white star on a green flag. The white vertical stripe at the flagpole. The color green symbolizes the Muslims living in Pakistan. The color white symbolizes non-Muslims. The white crescent and five-pointed star symbolize Islam. The white crescent represents progress, and the white star represents light and knowledge. The country's official flag was adopted after the declaration of independence on August 14, 1947.

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Coat of Arms of Pakistan The predominant color of the coat of arms - green - signifies the sacred history of Pakistan. The shield is a symbol of Pakistan's agriculture and signifies the country's wealth of natural resources. The crescent and star are the main symbols of the Islamic religion and are found wherever it is accepted as the state religion. The floral wreath symbolizes the history of the country. A scroll with the national motto in Urdu language, as it is the national motto of this country. The motto itself is taken from a saying by Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Motto: "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm (Faith, Unity, Discipline)"

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Form of government: Presidential-parliamentary republic Government structure: Mixed federal republic, consisting of 4 provinces

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Currency The monetary unit of Pakistan is the Pakistani rupee (PKR). 1 Pakistani rupee is approximately 60 Russian kopecks. You can exchange currency in Pakistan in banks, shops and private exchange offices. The most popular and easiest to exchange currency is US dollars, followed by euros and British pounds. It may be difficult to exchange other currencies. Try to get as many rupees as possible in small bills, since large ones often have no change.

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The President is the head of state of Pakistan. According to the constitution, the president is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The Electoral College includes deputies of the National Assembly, members of the Senate, and the parliaments of the four provinces. The post of President of Pakistan is traditionally only nominal; real power lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. Incumbent President Mamnoon Hussain Incumbent Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

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The Pakistani Anthem Qaumi Tarana (Urdu قومی ترانہ, Qaumī Tarāna - "National Anthem") is the national anthem of Pakistan. The music of the anthem was written in 1950 by National Anthem Committee member Akbar Mohammed using words previously created by Jagannath Azad, but was finally approved in 1954 after new words were created. Official text in Urdu: پاک سرزمین شاد باد كشور حسين شاد باد تو نشان عزم ﮔلیشان ! All rights reserved. ملک ، سلطنت پائندﻩ تابندﻩ باد شاد باد منزل مراد پرچم ستارہ و ہلال رہ Well done! English translation: Blessed be the sacred Land Happy be the bounteous realm Symbol of high resolve Land of Pakistan Blessed be thou, Citadel of Faith The Order of this Sacred Land Is the might of the Brotherhood of the People May the nation , the country, and the state Shine in glory everlasting Blessed be the goal of our ambition This Flag of the Crescent and Star Leads the way to progress and perfection Interpreter of our past, glory of our present Inspiration of our future Symbol of the Almighty's protection

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FGP Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished - the lowland east, the mid-mountain west and the high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores. It borders Afghanistan, India, Iran and China. The main river is the Indus with its tributary Pajnad.

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EGP and PGP EGP of Pakistan is not very profitable, because... military tension on the borders with India, strong competition from suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products from neighboring countries. Access to the Arabian Sea and the most important land transport routes contribute to economic development, but only in places located along these routes. Pakistan shares borders with backward (Afghanistan) and developing (Iran, India and China) countries. China is a member of the SCO. The state of Kashmir, captured from India, is a hotbed of conflict. Neighboring Afghanistan is also not calm. Pakistan has atomic weapons. There are no foreign bases. Pakistan does not participate in disarmament programs; on the contrary, it is building up its military potential. Exports: textiles, rice, leather goods, carpets. The main buyers are the USA 15.8%, Afghanistan 8.1%, UAE 7.9%, China 7.3%, UK 4.3%, Germany 4.2%. Imports - oil, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel, tea. The main suppliers are the UAE 16.3%, Saudi Arabia 12.2%, China 11.6%, Kuwait 8.4%, Singapore 7.1%, Malaysia 5%. Port City - Karachi Pakistan is a developing agro-industrial country, one of the eleven countries that, along with the BRICS countries, have the greatest potential to become one of the largest economies in the world in the 21st century. The country's economy is based on the textile industry, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals and carpets.

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International organizations and unions of which Pakistan is a member Pakistan is a member of: United Nations (UN) Commonwealth of Nations World Trade Organization (WTO) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Asian Clearing House Union of the Group of Eight Developing Countries (D-8) Asian Parliamentary Assembly (APA) ASEAN Regional Security Forum (ARF) Has observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Takes so far unsuccessful steps to upgrade its status in ASEAN to full membership Pakistan is leading negotiations on preferential trade within the framework of the WTO, SAAPK, ECO, D-8 and OIC.

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Population of Pakistan The population of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is 193,885,498 people. (6th place) Population density - 224.9 people/km² Birth rate: 5,057,294 people. Mortality: 1,359,079 people. EP: 3,698,215 people. Type of reproduction: type 2 Men predominate Age composition of the population: Under 15 years old - 41.8% 15-65 years old - 54.5% Over 65 years old - 3.7%

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National composition Punjabis (over 60%) Pashtuns (over 15%) Sindhis (about 12%) Muhajirs (about 8%) Baloch Brahuis NATIONAL COMPOSITION

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Employment of the Population Working-age population - 46.84 million people. Unemployment - 6.6% In agriculture - 44% In industry - 17% In services 39%

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Natural Resources Pakistan's main natural resources are arable land and water. And also: gas, oil, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone, etc.

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Industry Textile (transport hub, large cities, in the centers of ferrous metallurgy) Food (at the consumer, in cities) Energy (at raw materials, near water, large city, transport hub) Chemical (production of mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, at the consumer) Mechanical engineering (machine tool building, automotive industry, consumer, large cities) Ferrous metallurgy (near water, between raw materials and fuel, in port cities, transport hub)

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The climate in most of the country is tropical monsoon, in the north-west it is subtropical, hot and humid all year round. Climate features: powerful winds are frequent, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the deserts of Registan, Sind, Rasht, Kharan, Thal, etc., and in winter - cold from mountainous regions. Humidification coefficient: less than 1 t act. : more than 4000 - 8000 C Soils: alluvial, semi-desert gray soils, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe, sandy desert soils and saline soils. Natural zones: Deserts, semi-deserts, areas of high zonality. Reclamation: soil erosion by mountain streams is widespread. The development of irrigation on the plains has sharply increased the processes of salinization and waterlogging of soils, as a result of which large areas are not used for agriculture every year Natural conditions for agriculture

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Livestock: Nomadic and semi-nomadic grazing, sheep breeding, camel breeding, buffaloes, goats. Agricultural specialization: Plant growing: Cotton is the most important industrial crop. As well as sugarcane, corn, wheat, graham, barley, oilseeds, rice, jowar, bajra, tobacco, peanuts, various vegetable crops (onions, potatoes, peppers) and horticultural crops (mangoes, citrus fruits, date palm, apricots) Cotton plantation

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Environmental problems Severe environmental pollution (air, land and water) Depletion of natural resources (land and water) Deforestation Salinization of water bodies Soil degradation Chemical pollution of the area. Garbage problems

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National Clothing All Pakistanis wear national clothing “Shalwar Kameez” - this is a long shirt and bloomers, for women - shalwars and a long dress. A must-have item in a woman’s clothing is a scarf. This is a tribute to the country, traditions, and elders. In families with even stricter traditions (Pashtun), women are required to wear a black headscarf and a long black dress.

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National Food The national drink is tea ("teas"), which is consumed very strong with a lot of sugar. Lassi (a yoghurt-based drink), coconut milk (nariyal-ka-dood), as well as sugarcane juice and various fruit drinks are very popular in summer. Pakistani cuisine is similar in many ways to that of northern India, with slightly greater influences from Middle Eastern and Iranian cuisine. This is expressed in the abundance of pepper and various seasonings (primarily curry), the wide popularity of flatbreads (roti, chapati, paratha, pita, kutluma, puri, nan, etc.) and pies, legumes (especially lentils - "dhal" or "dal"), all kinds of meat dishes ("gosht"), spicy vegetables ("sabzi") and rice ("chawal"), as well as in a huge variety of sauces, in first of all hot and spicy masala gravy. However, like all Muslims, Pakistanis abstain from pork and its derivatives.

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Places to Visit Neelum Valley Neelum Valley is located in the Kashmir region. The view of the valley is so excellent that it is impossible to leave here without taking a couple of dozen, or even hundreds of photographs. The high hills on both sides of the Neelum River create a unique atmosphere here that is unmatched by any other place on Earth. The valley looks especially beautiful in spring. But even in summer, clear lakes, a rushing river, ringing streams, green trees and a mountain range make the valley simply an excellent place to relax, the main purpose of which is to contemplate the natural beauties and attractions of Pakistan.

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Shandur is the highest golf course in the world. It is located at an altitude of 3810 m above sea level. Every summer the polo festival “Shandur” is held here, which attracts a lot of people. In winter, it is, of course, deserted here due to the fact that you simply cannot get to the plateau in snowfall. Shandur Pass

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Lahore Fortress A 12th-century building that served as the residence of Muhammad Ghuri. It was located at the crossroads between Tibet, India and Persia, so it was conquered, destroyed and rebuilt many times. The structure that has reached us is a fortress made of red sandstone, which was erected on the initiative of Akbar the Great.

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The tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in Karachi. This is a modern building from the 1960s, made of white marble. The mausoleum is considered an iconic landmark, one of the symbols of the country. Thousands of Pakistanis come every day to salute the founding father of their nation. Mausoleum of Jinnah

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This temple was built at the expense of the King of Saudi Arabia, Faisal ibn Abdul Iziz al-Saud. More than $120 million was spent on construction. The building does not follow the traditional canons of Muslim mosques; it is made in a modern style according to the design of the Turkish architect Balokay. Faisal Mosque in Islamabad

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Punjab fortress in Islamabad, built by the military leader Sher Shah. Served for defense purposes against the formidable Hamayun, the second emperor from the Mughal dynasty. The Mughal army was defeated here. The height of the fortress walls is 18 meters, the width is almost 12.5 meters. Hamayun failed to take the fortress; the traitor commandant himself opened the gates to his soldiers. Rohtas fortress

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Majestic medieval fortress in the Cholistan desert. One of the most striking attractions of Pakistan. The fortress walls reach a length of almost 30 meters and seem to disappear into the sky. The fort is well preserved, but it is quite difficult to get to and explore it, since it is remote from cities and beaten paths. Deravar

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One of the popular attractions in Karachi. The building appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, it served as the residence of businessman Shivratan Mohatta and his family. Nowadays there are tours of the luxury apartments, accompanied by fascinating stories from the lives of the former owners. Mohatta Palace

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Remains of the city of the ancient and mysterious Harrapian civilization. According to some sources, Mohenjo-Daro died approximately 3.5 thousand years ago as a result of an unexplained catastrophe. Some researchers even suggest that the buildings and inhabitants were destroyed by a “nuclear explosion”, since the destruction is similar to that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Ruins of Mohenjo-daro

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A public park that was founded by Emperor Jahangir at the beginning of the 17th century. The ruler built these gardens for his wife Nur Jahan. They are a wonderful monument to Mughal garden art - waterfalls flow here, decorative ponds are broken, mosques and marble palaces richly decorated with mosaics delight the eye. Shalimar Gardens

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• Pakistan. Handbook, ed. Yu.V.Gankovsky, S.F.Levin, V.N.Moskalenko, F.A.Trinich. The directory provides information about natural conditions, population, languages, religions, history, economics, culture, political system, political parties, armed forces, foreign policy...

Pakistan is located in South-West Asia, between 60°55` and 75°30` East longitude and 23°45` and 36°50` North latitude and extends from southwest to northeast for almost 1500 km. Area: total - 803.94 sq. km.

Most of the territory is highlands and mountainous regions, the northern and northwestern parts are represented mainly by mountains and hills, the eastern and southeastern parts are represented by the low-lying, flat Indus Plain. The highest peak of the country is Tirichmir, 7690 m. In the north rise the Himalaya and Hindu Kush ranges. It is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the south, bordered by Iran in the southwest, Afghanistan in the northwest and north, China in the northeast and India in the east. Land borders: India - 2912 km, Afghanistan - 2430 km, Iran - 909 km, China - 523 km.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organization, an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a member of the G33 developing countries, the Group of 77 developing countries.

Pakistan is a federal republic consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North West Frontier Province) and Balochistan). In addition to the provinces, Pakistan also includes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Free Kashmir (the latter is de jure recognized by Pakistan as an independent state, but is actually part of it), disputed by India.

Relief of Pakistan

Within Pakistan, two large orographic regions are clearly distinguished - the Indus Plain (the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the mountains and hills bordering it from the west and north, belonging to the systems of the Iranian Plateau and the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas, formed mainly during the era of Alpine orogenesis. The Indus Plain arose on the site of a vast foothill marginal trough, to which considerable reserves of natural gas and oil are confined. Significant deposits of brown coal, chromite ore and other minerals have been discovered in the mountains.

The Indus Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains in the tropical zone, stretching from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km with a width of up to 550 km. Almost its entire territory is located below 200 m and is characterized by a monotonous flat topography. Within its boundaries, three parts are distinguished: the northern - Punjab (or Pyatirechye), formed by the Indus and its five large tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej); Sindh - middle and lower reaches of the Indus; and the Thar Desert, located east of Sindh.

In the north of the plain there are numerous debris fans cut by rivers. In Sindh, in the interfluves, traces of an ancient river network have been preserved, indicating greater waterlogging of the plain in the past. The Indus Delta is formed by several active channels, dead estuaries and a series of ancient sandy beach bars. In the Thar Desert there are dunes, dunes, sand ridges combined with salt marshes, takyrs and salt lakes in depressions. The absolute height of this area is from 100 to 200 m. From the south, the desert is framed by the saline lowlands of the Greater Rann of Kutch, flooded by sea tides and during heavy rainfall.

The mountains of Pakistan are young folded ridges composed of crystalline shales, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates. The highest ridges are dissected by river valleys and gorges and crowned with snowfields. In the far north, the axial ridges of the Hindu Kush partially extend into the borders of Pakistan with the Tirichmir peak (7690 m), which is the highest point of the country. To the east is the Hinduraj ridge, the southwestern end of which is separated from the border ridge Spingar by the Khyber Pass (1030 m) - the most important pass used for communication between Peshawar and Kabul. In the northeast, the western spurs of the Himalayas enter the territory of Pakistan. In the north of Pakistan, between the Indus Plain and the mountains, there is the Potwar sandstone plateau with average heights of 300–500 m, bordered on the south by the Salt Range (up to 1500 m in height).

The western part of Pakistan is occupied by the plateau and mountains of Balochistan, which represent the southeastern frame of the Iranian Plateau. The average heights of these mountains usually do not exceed 2000–2500 m. Such are, for example, the Suleiman Mountains, elongated in the submeridional direction and steeply plunging towards the Indus Valley. However, in the north of these mountains there are also higher individual peaks (up to 3452 m). The meridional Kirthar ridge with steep slopes facing the Indus Valley almost reaches the coast of the Arabian Sea and drops from 2440 m in the north to 1220 m in the south.

The Makran Mountains, consisting of several subparallel ridges up to 2357 m high, frame the Balochistan plateau from the south. From the north it is bordered by the border mountains of Chagai, where there are extinct volcanoes. Further to the northeast extends the Tobacacar ridge (up to 3149 m), at its western end there is the Khojak (Bolan) pass, through which a strategically important route from Quetta to Kandahar (Afghanistan) passes.

Natural disasters are common in the mountains of Pakistan. Thus, in the highlands, avalanches often occur, mudflows, rockfalls, and glacial pulsations (surges) occur. There are a number of seismically dangerous areas. In 1935, the city of Quetta was severely damaged by an earthquake.

Hydrology of Pakistan

The largest river of Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which contains most of the country. Rivers in the west are either drainless or have local flow into the Arabian Sea. The main tributary of the Indus is the Sutlej, which collects water from the main rivers of Punjab (Chinab, Ravi, Jhelum, Beas) and releases water to large irrigation canals (Dipalpur, Pakpattan, Panjnad). Large rivers experience summer floods caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.

Climate of Pakistan

The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the north-west it is subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country it is more humid with a clearly defined altitudinal zone. Winter on the plain is warm (12-16 °C, on the coast up to 20 °C), in the highlands it is severe (up to -20 °C). Summer is hot (in deserts 35 °C, on the coast 29 °C, in the mountains and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau 20-25 °C), in the highlands - frosty (at altitudes from 5000 m - below 0 °C). Precipitation per year ranges from 50 mm in the Thar Desert, to 100-200 mm in Sindh, 250-400 mm in the valleys and plateaus of the Iranian Plateau, 350-500 mm in the foothills and 1000-1500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwest monsoon (July - September), within the Iranian Plateau - in the winter-spring period.

Powerful winds are frequent, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the deserts of Registan, Sind, Rasht, Kharan, Thal, etc., and in winter - cold from mountainous regions. Such contrasting natural and climatic conditions lead to the formation of many local areas - even two slopes of the same valley can have completely different weather from each other. Moreover, even within the same season, regions of the country differ markedly from each other in weather. In the south, the cool season brings dry days and cold nights, while in the northern mountains it rains and can be frosty at night. During the hot season, the south is suffocatingly hot and humid, while the weather in the north is quite comfortable and even pleasant. During the wet season, the rains literally flood the narrow belt of Punjab from Lahore to Islamabad, while in the north the year is dry and almost cloudless.

Soils and flora of Pakistan

On the Indus Plain, fertile alluvial soils in river valleys and semi-desert gray soils in the interfluves are widespread. In mountainous areas, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils are successively replaced from bottom to top. Sandy desert soils and salt marshes are common in the intermountain depressions of Balochistan, salt marshes are common in the south of Sindh, and barren sands are found within the Thar Desert.

The Indus Plain is dominated by herbaceous-shrub semi-desert (Punjab) and desert (Sindh) vegetation. Excessive plowing and grazing, intensive water intake, and removal of woody vegetation have led to a decrease in river flow, landscape degradation, and an expansion of the area of ​​anthropogenic deserts. The sparse plant cover is dominated by wormwood, capers, camel thorn, and solyanka. Grasses settle on fixed sands. Individual trees and groves, usually mangoes and other fruits, grow along roads, around villages and wells.

Gallery forests of Euphrates poplar and tamarisk are preserved in places along river valleys. Thanks to artificial irrigation, large areas in the Indus basin and its tributaries have been turned into a system of oases where rice, cotton, wheat, millet and other crops are grown.

The highlands of Balochistan are dominated by desert vegetation with characteristic spiny cushion forms (acanthus, astragalus, etc.). Wormwood and ephedra are widespread. Higher in the mountains, sparse forests of olive, pistachio, and juniper appear.

In the mountains in the north and northeast of Pakistan, coniferous and deciduous forests have been preserved, occupying approx. 3% of the country's area. In the Salt Range, located between the Jhelum and Indus rivers and forming the southern edge of the Potwar Plateau, as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas and some other areas of the country, unique subtropical woodlands of evergreen xerophytic species grow. It is dominated by wild olives, acacias and dwarf palms. In the mountains at altitudes of 2000–2500 m above sea level. significant areas are occupied by tall forests of evergreen broad-leaved species, mainly oaks and chestnuts. Higher up they give way to majestic forests of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara), longleaf pine (Pinus longifolia), fir and spruce. They often have a dense shrub layer of magnolia, laurel and rhododendron.

Mangrove forests grow in the Indus delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

Fauna of Pakistan

The fauna of Pakistan is represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Of the large mammals in the mountains, there are leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bear, fox, wild goats and sheep, Persian gazelle; on the plains - hyenas, jackals, wild boars, antelopes, goitered gazelles, kulans, wild donkeys, and numerous rodents. The world of birds is diverse (eagles, vultures, peacocks, parrots). There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, and there are crocodiles in the Indus. Among invertebrates, scorpions, ticks, and malaria mosquitoes are common. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish (tuna, herring, sea bass, Indian salmon), crustaceans (shrimp) and sea turtles.

National parks of Pakistan

Hazarganji-Chiltan National Parks of Pakistan are established to protect and preserve outstanding landscapes and wildlife in a natural state. Protection and conservation of the environment in Pakistan was first included in the 1973 Constitution, but the Environment Protection Ordinance was passed only in 1983. In accordance with the Modern Protected Areas legislation, national parks can be used for scientific research, education and recreation. They prohibit the construction of roads and rest houses, clearing land for agricultural purposes, water pollution, the use of firearms, and the destruction of wild animals. The administration of the parks is carried out by the following government departments: the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Office of Biodiversity.

As of 2010, Pakistan has 25 national parks, 19 of which are under government control and the rest are in private hands. The oldest national park, Lal Suhanra in the Bahawalpur region, was created in 1972. This is the only national park that existed before the country's independence, in addition, it is the only biosphere reserve in Pakistan. The last of the parks, Cala Città, was created in 2009. The Central Karakoram in Gilgit-Baltistan is the country's largest national park, covering an area of ​​approximately 1,390,100 hectares. The smallest national park is Ayub, with a total area of ​​about 931 hectares.

Population of Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population (177.3 million people, 6th place in the world - estimate as of July 2010). According to some forecasts, at current trends, by 2020 the population of Pakistan could reach more than 200 million people.

The bulk of the population lives in the Indus River Valley. The largest cities of Pakistan are located in the eastern part of the country (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, etc.). The country's urban population is 36% (in 2008). Ethnic composition: Punjabis 44.7%, Pashtuns 15.4%, Sindhis 14.1%, Saryaks 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baluchis 3.6%, etc. (6.3%). The majority of believers - 95% - are Muslims: (Sunnis 75%, Shiites 20%), 5% are Christians and Hindus. Almost 50% of the population is literate (63% of men and 36% of women, 2005 estimate).

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.uadream.com/